BIO L EXAM1

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Question

Answer

How do you calculate total magnification?

Ocular lens × Objective lens.

Example of proper figure title format?

Whole mount of Elodea canadensis stained with iodine, viewed under a compound light microscope at a total magnification of 400×.

What is the ocular lens magnification usually?

10×.

Common objective lenses and their powers?

4× (scanning), 10× (low), 40× (high), 100× (oil immersion).

What are the kingdoms represented here?

Protista (algae) and Fungi.

Rhizopus stolonifer belongs to which phylum?

Zygomycota.

What are the labeled parts in Rhizopus?

Hyphae, sporangium, and zygosporangium.

What is the function of the sporangium?

Produces and releases haploid spores during asexual reproduction.

What is a zygosporangium?

Thick-walled diploid structure formed by fusion of + and – hyphae during sexual reproduction.

Scientific name for common mushroom?

Agaricus bisporus (Phylum Basidiomycota).

Main parts of a mushroom to label?

Cap, gills, stipe (stalk), annulus, basidia (on gills).

What are the three main types of lichen?

Crustose (crusty), foliose (leafy), and fruticose (shrubby).

How do lichens reproduce asexually?

Fragmentation of thallus or soredia (small clusters of fungal & algal cells).

What is the fungal partner’s role in lichen?

Provides structure and protection.

What is the algal or cyanobacterial partner’s role?

Performs photosynthesis to provide nutrients.

What is the dominant stage in mosses?

Gametophyte (haploid, n).

Where are spores produced in mosses?

Capsule (sporangium) on top of the sporophyte.

What is the dominant stage in ferns?

Sporophyte (diploid, 2n).

Where are spores produced in ferns?

In sporangia clustered as sori on the underside of fronds.

What is the annulus in ferns?

Thickened ring of cells that helps fling spores from the sporangium.

What are the gametophytes of ferns called?

Prothallia.

Phylum for flowering plants?

Anthophyta.

Male gametophyte in angiosperms?

Pollen grain (produced in anther).

Female gametophyte in angiosperms?

Embryo sac (inside ovule).

What is double fertilization?

One sperm fertilizes egg → zygote; other sperm fertilizes polar nuclei → endosperm.

Flower parts (outer → inner)?

Sepals → Petals → Stamens (anther + filament) → Carpels (stigma, style, ovary).

Perfect vs. imperfect flowers?

Perfect = both sexes; imperfect = one sex only.

Actinomorphic vs. zygomorphic flowers?

Actinomorphic = radial symmetry; zygomorphic = bilateral symmetry.

What causes primary growth in plants?

Cell division at apical meristems.

Where does primary growth occur?

Tips of roots and shoots.

What are the three primary meristems?

Protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium.

Function of protoderm?

Forms the epidermis (outer protective layer).

Function of ground meristem?

Forms parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma (support & storage).

Function of procambium?

Forms primary xylem and phloem (transport).

Difference between monocot and dicot stems?

Monocots = scattered vascular bundles; Eudicots = vascular bundles in a ring.

What are the three simple tissues?

Parenchyma (storage/photosynthesis), Collenchyma (flexible support), Sclerenchyma (rigid support).

What is the main difference between primary and secondary growth?

Primary = length; Secondary = girth.

What causes secondary growth?

Activity of lateral meristems (vascular cambium & cork cambium).

What does the vascular cambium produce?

Secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem (inner bark).

What does the cork cambium (phellogen) produce?

Cork (phellem) and phelloderm → together form periderm (outer bark).

What is heartwood?

Older, nonfunctional xylem.

What is sapwood?

Newer, functional xylem.

What are annual rings?

Visible layers of secondary xylem formed each growing season.

What is the function of the cuticle?

Reduces water loss from leaf surface.

What are guard cells?

Cells that open and close the stomata to regulate gas exchange.

What are bulliform cells and where are they found?

Large water-sensitive cells in monocots; help curl leaves to conserve water.

Difference between simple and compound leaves?

Simple = one undivided blade; compound = multiple leaflets.

Pinnate vs. palmate compound leaves?

Pinnate = leaflets arranged along axis; Palmate = leaflets radiate from one point.

Leaf arrangements on stem?

Alternate, opposite, and whorled.

Difference between monocot and dicot leaves?

Monocots = parallel veins, undifferentiated mesophyll; Eudicots = net veins, palisade + spongy mesophyll.

Example of secondary growth cross section to study?

Tilia stem (woody eudicot).

What are the three plant biogeographic groups on campus?

Native, Polynesian canoe (cultural heritage), and introduced plants.

What are the four major angiosperm groups?

Monocots, Eudicots, Magnoliids, and Basal Angiosperms.

What tool is used to identify unknown plants?

Dichotomous key.

What is plant blindness?

The tendency to overlook plants in daily life and focus on animals.

What does tomentose mean?

Covered with dense, woolly hairs.

What does glabrous mean?

Smooth, lacking hairs.

What does pubescent mean?

Covered with fine hairs.

What does cordate mean?

Heart-shaped leaf.

What does peltate mean?

Petiole attached to the underside of leaf blade.

What does cuneate mean?

Wedge-shaped base.

What does globose mean?

Spherical in shape.

What are trichomes?

Hair-like extensions of epidermal cells.

What is an inflorescence?

Cluster of flowers on a plant.

Perfect vs. imperfect flower?

Perfect = both stamen & carpel; Imperfect = only one sex.