COMMERCIAL CHECKRIDE PREP

UND phx

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VA AND VO?

Vo is the speed at which you can make one full aft deflection and the aircraft will stall before causing any structural damage to the plane. Va is the same thing but its one deflection in any direction.

WHY DOES VA/VO CHANGE WITH WEIGHT?

Vo decreases with weight because at a lighter weight, the airplane requires a lower AOA to maintain level flight which then results in the plane being able to stall at a lower airspeed because the angle of attack is already low. If we didn't change our AOA and airspeed in a lighter aircraft we would exceed the load factor. In contrast a heavier aircraft obviously needs more lift to stay air born which requires more speed and a higher angle of attack

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF VNO?

Maximum structural cruising speed- The speeds at which we can fly at in smooth air or the speed which we should stay under for light to moderate turbulence. (125kts)

VSO

Vso is the stall speed in landing configuration (45kts).

VS

Vs is the stall speed in clean configuration (50kts).

Why is VSO slower than VS?

Vso is slower than Vs because with flaps there is an increase in lift allowing the aircraft to fly slower.

CAN OUR AIRCRAFT STALL AT A HIGHER SPEED THAN VS OR VSO ? WHY?

Yes! Could be from accelerated stalls, winds/gusts, aggressive control inputs because it's more about the AOA rather than airspeed.

HOW DO FLAPS DECREASE STALL SPEED?

Flaps decrease stall speed by changing the chord line of the wing therefore reducing the critical angle of attack and having an increase in lift.

VX

Vx is our best angle that produces the greatest gain in altitude for the shortest distance.

VY

Vy is the best rate that provides greatest altitude over shortest amount of time.

CRUISE CLIMB AND ITS BENEFITS

87kts, Better visibility, engine cooling, faster to destination, comfortable.

■ ENGINE FIRE DURING START: WHY DO YOU CONTINUE CRANKING THE STARTER?

It pulls the fire into the engine to isolate it and let it hopefully burn out.

■ ENGINE FIRE DURING START: WHY DO WE PUSH THE THROTTLE FULL OPEN

This is to allow more airflow and to hopefully smother the flames as well as assisting in getting rid of excess fuel

WHAT IS MOST LIKELY TO CAUSE THE CARBON MONOXIDE WARNING ON THE PFD?

Another planes exhaust hitting us or if we have a leak in our own planes exhaust

■ WHEN WOULD YOU USE AN EMERGENCY DESCENT

Any fires in the plane or if we have a pressurized aircraft that begins to loose pressure.

■ EMERGENCY DESCENT: WHY DO YOU BANK 45º?

We bank 45 degrees to maintain our best descent rate while maintaining a positive limit load factor and not putting to much force on the aircraft

■ EMERGENCY DESCENT: WHY DO WE TURN THE FUEL PUMP ON AND GO MIXTURE RICH?

during the simulated maneuver we do this to make sure the engine is still performing and operating while we descend rapidly

■ EMERGENCY DESCENT: WHAT WOULD YOU DO DIFFERENTLY DURING AN ENGINE FIRE-IN-FLIGHT?

You would want to actually cut the mixture and turn the fuel pump off because you no longer want the engine to run and continue to burn

■ EMERGENCY DESCENT: WHAT IF YOUR PASSENGER IS FEELING SICK? WHAT IF THE PASSENGER HAS A HEADACHE AND STUFF NOSE? WOULD YOU EXECUTE AN EMERGENCY DESCENT?

I would try to descend maybe a bit slower or more controlled while still loosing around at least 1000fpm at ideally 115-120kts. If they had headache or stuffed nose I would not issue an emergency descent because that is just pressurization discomfort where an emergency descent is for life threatening situations.

WHAT IS A SPIN? (EXPLAIN IN DETAIL WHAT UNCOORDINATED MEANS)

A spin is a uncoordinated stall with yaw that results in a spiraling cork screw motion down to a center point on the ground. Uncoordinated means that the yaw and roll axis are not coordinated essentially resulting in a side slip which causes one wing to dip and stall more than the other.

WHAT ARE THE FOUR STAGES OF A SPIN?

Entry, incipient, developed, recovery.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE INCIPIENT AND THE DEVELOPED?

Incipient is the first 2-4 rotation and the spin is only starting to form, developed is when airspeed, vertical speed, and rate of rotation are in equilibrium and are going towards the ground around one center point

WHY DO YOU REDUCE THE THROTTLE TO IDLE DURING A SPIN?

To get the nose down and break the AOA

WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU TRY TO USE AILERONS DURING SPIN RECOVERY?

■ RIGHT AILERON DURING A SPIN TO THE RIGHT?

■ LEFT AILERON DURING A SPIN TO THE RIGHT?

The spin will worsen depending no matter what but the severity depends on the direction you turn and the direction you are spinning. Lets take for example a spin to the left, If you were to turn left into the spin, it would tighten and get worse. If you were to turn right, away from the spin, it would flatten which is extremely difficult to recover from.

CFLAPS

Checklists

Flight Path Correct

Landing Configuration

Airspeed Appropriate

Power Setting Appropriate

Sink Rate normal

WHAT TRAINING IS REQUIRED TO BECOME A COMMERCIAL PILOT?

-18 years or older

-hold a private license

-speak and read English

-At least third-class medical, second to utilize privs.

-120 hours

AS A COMMERCIAL PILOT WHAT FLIGHT TIME IS REQUIRED TO BE LOGGED? (§61.51)

-Time required for certificates

-Currency time

-Flight Review

WHAT CERTIFICATES & DOCUMENTS ARE YOU REQUIRED TO CARRY AS PIC?

-Pilot certificate

-Medical

-Gov issued ID (PHOTO REQUIRED)

HOW LONG IS YOUR PILOT CERTIFICATE VALID FOR?

It does not expire

HOW OFTEN IS A FLIGHT REVIEW REQUIRED AND WHAT DOES IT INCLUDE?

it is required to be renewed every 24 calendar months and it includes one hour of ground and one hour of flight time

WHEN CAN WE LOG PIC TIME? HOW ABOUT SECOND IN COMMAND?

You can log PIC time when you are the sole manipulator of the controls. You can log SIC time when you are

■ WHAT CLASS MEDICAL DO YOU HAVE? WHAT PRIVILEGES DOES IT CARRY?

HOW LONG IS IT VALID? (61.23)

I have a first class medical with third class privileges. It's valid for 60 months (need to check how many months mine has left)

■ BASIC MED (FAR PART 68 & AC 68-1A)

WHAT IS BASIC MED?

WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS OF BASIC MED?

Basic med is an alternative medical that lets private pilots act as PIC for non commercial opps with max takeoff weight of 12500 lbs. and 7 occupants (6 passengers). A doctor exam called a CME must be performed each year and then the course must be done every 24 cal months

EXAMPLE:IF ITS JUNE 4TH AND YOU HAVE A LICENSE THAT IS VALID FOR 24 CALENDER MONTHS WHEN DOES THAT LICENSE EXPIRE?

If issued on June 4, 2025, it

expires at the end of the day on June 30, 2027.

HOW DO YOU MAINTAIN CURRENCY WITH YOUR COMMERCIAL PILOT CERTIFICATE?

-You maintain currency by doing a flight review every 24 cal. months which includes 1 hour of ground and 1 hour of flight time.

-Flight Experience for carrying passengers, (1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise) 3 take offs landings to a full stop within the last 90 days.

WHAT ARE THE PRIVILEGES AND LIMITATIONS OF A COMMERCIAL PILOT CERTIFICATE?

Privileges: You can act as PIC of a aircraft for compensation or hire while carrying property or passengers as long as the operations doesn't require an air carry cert

Limitations: If the pilot doesn't hold an instrument rating they can't fly cross country flights more than 50NM or at night

WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF COMMON CARRIAGE?

-Holding out to the public with a willingness to transport persons or property from place to place for compensation or hire

WHAT ARE THE TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF OPERATING CERTIFICATES?

Common Carriage and Private Carriage

WHAT IS PRIVATE CARRIAGE?

Carriage for hire that does not involve holding out

WHAT ARE THE EXCEPTIONS? WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?

There are a number of exceptions for operating without a commercial cert and they can be found under FAR 119.1

Here are some examples:

-Student instruction

-Nonstop sightseeing flights within 25 NM

-Ferry or repositioning flights

-Crop dusting

-Aerial work such as banner towing or aerial photography

-Demonstration flights for aircraft sales

-Flights conducted by a flight instructor incidental to training

-Carriage of company employees or property incidental to business

-Certain fractional ownership operations

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A WET AND DRY LEASE?

A wet lease provides both the aircraft and at least one crew member, with the owner maintaining operational control. A dry lease provides only the aircraft, with the owner supplying the crew and having operational control

✅ Think: "Wet = With pilot."

✅ Think: "Dry = No pilot."

NAME 3 THINGS WE CAN DO AS A COMMERCIAL PILOT TO GET PAID WITHOUT AN AIR CARRIER CERTIFICATE

CFI, Crop dusting, parachute jumping, ferry flights, aerial work

YOUR FRIEND APPROACHES YOU AND TELLS YOU HE IS RENTING AN AIRCRAFT TO FLY HIM AND 3 FRIENDS TO LAS VEGAS FOR THE WEEKEND. HE WANTS TO HIRE YOU AS THE PILOT. HE IS CHARGING FRIENDS FOR THE AIRCRAFT.

You can not legally due this flight because it would fall under common carriage and would require an operating certificate because I as the pilot can not be hired for compensation or hire unless conducted under certificate or certain exceptions. Only way to make this flight legal is If i and the passengers shared the Pro-Rata. We also collectively have no common purpose of this flight

YOU JUST FINISHED A FLIGHT WITH YOUR STUDENT, AS YOU'RE TYING THE AIRCRAFT DOWN, A GENTLEMAN APPROACHES YOU AND SAYS THAT HE OWNS A BONANZA AND WANTS TO HIRE YOU TO FLY HIM AND HIS FAMILY TO THEIR SUMMER HOME FOR THE WEEKEND.

If I as the pilot am only being hired for my piloting skills, i was not holding out and the renter would remain in operational control. So this would be a legal situation. This flight would also NOT require an air carry certificate because it can be conducted under Part 91

WHAT IF SOMETHING IS BROKEN AND WE DONT HAVE A MEL? WALK ME THROUGH THAT.

We would check are type certificate data sheet, than kinds of operations lists, than 91.205, than any ADs than finally pilot option

IF WE HAVE A BROKEN FUEL GAUGE HOW CAN WE FLY THE AIRCRAFT TO GET IT MAINTENENCED?

We need a ferry permit from the local fsdo

IS THERE ANY MAINTENANCE WE CAN DO ON THE AIRCRAFT AS A PRIVOT PILOT? CAN YOU CHANGE A FLAT TIRE? WHAT DO WE NEED TO LOG FOR THIS?

Yes, as a private pilot I can perform preventive maintenance on an aircraft I own or operate under 14 CFR 43.3(g). That includes changing a flat tire, which is listed in Appendix A to Part 43. Afterward, I must make a logbook entry including a description of the work, the date, and my signature with certificate number and type

WHAT IS DENSITY ALTITUDE AND HOW DO YOU CACLULATE IT? WHAT EFFECT DOES AN INCREASE IN DENSITY ALTITUDE HAVE ON AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE?

Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for non standard temperature. Calculate it using an E6B. It makes the overall performance worse and it makes it harder to climb and take off

WHAT ARE ALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALTITUDES?

-Absolute: AGL

-True: Sea level

-Pressure: The datum plane

-Density: Pressure corrected for non standard temp

WHAT ARE ALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRSPEEDS?

-Indicated: What is shown in aircraft

-Calibrated: IAS corrected for errors

-True: Calibrated corrected for temp and density

-Ground: True corrected for wind

■ CLASS A

HOW IS IT CHARTED?

WHAT ALTITUDE IS CLASS A?

-It is not depicted on a sectional, it starts at 18000 feet msl and goes up to FL600 MSL.

■ CLASS B

-HOW IS IT CHARTED?

-CAN WE FLY INTO CLASS B AIRSPACE?

-WHAT ARE THE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS?

-WHAT ARE THE EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS?

-WHAT ARE THE WEATHER MINIMUMS?

-WHAT IS A MODE C & ADS-B VEIL?

-Class B is charter as a solid blue line that looks like an upside down wedding cake.

-We can fly into Class b airspace if we have two way radio communication, ATC clearance verifying that we are able to be let in, a mode c transponder and ADSB out

-The weather minimums are 3sm CC

-The mode c veil is the 30nm area around the Bravo airspace that extends up to 10000ft MSL

■ CLASS C

-HOW IS IT CHARTED?

-WHAT ARE THE ENTRY REQUIREMENT

-WHAT ARE THE EQUIPMENT

-REQUIREMENTS? TRANSPONDER & ADS-B

-WHAT ARE THE WEATHER MINIMUMS?

-Class C is charter as solid magenta lines and extends out 5nm and surface-4000ft AGL and the outer ring extends 10nm and up to 1200-4000ft AGL

-The entry requirements are two way radio comms, mode c transponder, and ADSB out

-Weather minimums are 3sm of vis 1000 ft above, 500 below, 2000 horizontal

■ CLASS D

-HOW IS IT CHARTED?

- WHAT ARE THE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

-WHAT ARE THE EQUIPMENT

REQUIREMENTS?

-WHAT ARE WEATHER MINIMUMS?

-Class D is charted as a blue dashed line and is surface-2500ft AGL

-Entry requirements are two way radio communication

-No equipment required besides a two way radio

-Weather mins. are 3/152

■ CLASS E

-HOW IS IT CHARTED?

- WHAT ARE THE EQUIPMENT

-REQUIREMENTS? WHAT ARE THE ENTRY

-REQUIREMENTS?

-IS CLASS E AIRSPACE CONTROLLED?

-DO WE NEED TO BE TALKING TO ANYONE?

-WHAT ARE WEATHER MINIMUMS?

-Class E is charted as dashed magenta lines and hazy red lines and the number of altitudes are as followed:

■ SURFACE

■ 700' AGL

■ 1200' AGL

■ 14,500' MSL

■ SPECIAL PUBLISHED ALTITUDES

-There is no equipment or entry required for E airspace

-Class E is controlled, Yes

-As for do we need to talk to anyone, VFR: no IFR: yes

-Weather minimums for echo are ABOVE 10k msl 5sm, 1000 above, 1000 below and 1sm horizontal. BELOW 10k msl it is 3/152

■ CLASS G

-HOW IS IT CHARTED?

-IS CLASS G AIRSPACE CONTROLLED?

-WHAT ARE THE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

-WHAT ARE THE EQUIPMENT

REQUIREMENTS?

-WHAT ARE WEATHER MINIMUMS?

-Glass G is not charted explicitly

-G airspace is not controlled

-No entry or equipment requirements

-Weather mins for G are ABOVE 10k MSL at day AND night is 5/111sm. BELOW 10k MSL it is 1/152 for day and 3/152 for night. below 1200AGL during the day it is 1sm CC and at night it is 3/152

PROHIBITED AREAS

Defined dimensions where flight by aircraft is prohibited. Examples are Washington D.C., White House, Camp David

RESTRICTED AREAS

Restricted area are areas where operations are hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft and contain airspace within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restrictions.

IFR flights may be authorized to transit the airspace and are routed accordingly

HOW CAN YOU TELL IF A RESTRICTED AREA IS ACTIVE?

Check the times listed on the sectional chart or if you'd really like you can call the Flight service station to verify.

MILITARY OPERATING AREAS

Areas where military have operations.

Contact FSS for updates and current ATC field for traffic.

Depicted on sectional and do not need clearance to get in.

HOW CAN YOU TELL IF A MOA IS ACTIVE?

Check the sectional chart for times

WARNING AREAS

Waring areas are similar in nature to restricted areas, however, the US government does not have sole jurisdiction over the airspace.

Extending from 12 nm outward from the coast of the US, containing activity that may be hazardous to not participating aircraft

ALERT AREAS

Depicted on aeronautical charts with an "A" followed by a number (e.g., A-211) to inform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may contain a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity. Think skydiving training facility.

SPECIAL FLIGHT RULES AREAS (SFRA)

It is airspace with a set of specific operating requirements such as the grand canyon or statue of liberty

LUKE AFB SPECIAL AIR TRAFFIC RULES (SATR)

It is there to manage civilian traffic operating near the base and you are required to have specific forms of communication when flying through

CONTROLLED FIRING AREAS

Does not appear on charts - Activities that could be hazardous are suspended immediately when a spotter detects an aircraft.

■ MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES

-WHAT ARE MTRS?

-WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "VR" AND "IR"?

-WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "000"

AND "0000"?

-Military training routes where low level high speed training is conducted thats is usually below 10,000ft MSL and speeds excess of 250kts

-"VR" means Visual Route

"IR" means Instrument Route

-Three digits (Ex. VR123) mean the route is at or above 1500ft AGL. Four digits (Ex. VR1234) means that the altitude is below 1500ft AGL

TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS (TFR)

Restriction on an area of airspace due to the movement of government VIPs, special events, natural disasters, or other unusual events. They are usually charted by a large red circles but because they are TEMPO. then they arent graphically charted on a traditional sectional, only electronic ones.

■ PARACHUTE JUMP AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS

-WHERE CAN YOU FIND A LIST OF PJA?

These are areas where parachute jumpers will be and a list of PJA's can be found in the A/FD as well as on sectional charts.

WHAT ARE SOME PUBLISHED VFR ROUTES?

VFR FLYWAY CHARTS

VFR TRANSITIONS

VFR CORRIDORS

TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREAS (TRSA)

Areas where participating pilots can receive additional radar services. The purpose of the service is to provide separation between all IFR operations and participating VFR aircraft.

AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONES (ADIZ)

Zones that exist around the border of the US and over Washington. All aircraft entering domestic US airspace from points outside must provide identification.

■ PIREPS

-WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES?

-HOW DO YOU SUBMIT A PIREP

(PULL UP PIREP AND READ IT)

-The two types of PIREPS are Routine (UA) and Urgent (UUA)

-You can file a PIREP in flight by contacting the FSS or ATC

■ METAR

-IS A METAR AN OBSERVATION OR A FORECAST?

-WHEN ARE METARS ISSUED?

(PULL UP METAR AND READ IT)

A METAR is an observation and they are issued every 55 minutes pass the hour (pretty much every hour)

■ WHAT IS A "SPECI"?

-WHAT ARE SOME REQUIREMENTS TO ISSUE A "SPECI"?

A SPECI is a type of METAR that is unscheduled and is for when there are a significant change in weather conditions.

-Requirements for SPECIS are ceilings dropping or rising above 3000,1500,1000 or 500ft, Vis below 3sm, Thunderstorms and anything related to them, extreme wind shifts more than 45 degrees in less than 15 minutes with speeds of less than 10 kts

■ TAF

-IS A TAF AN OBSERVATION OR A FORECAST?

-HOW FAR FROM AN AIRPORT DOES A TAF COVER?

-DO ALL AIRPORTS PUBLISH TAFS?

-HOW OFTEN ARE TAFS ISSUED?

-A TAF is a forecast

-TAF's cover 5sm from the airport

-No, not all airports have published TAF's

-TAF's are issues 4 times a day or roughly every 6 hours

WHAT DOES TEMPO MEAN ON A TAF?

Temporarily. Used for any conditions in wind, visibility, weather, or sky condition which are expected to last for generally less than an hour at a time (occasional), and are expected to occur during less than half the time period. Tempo conditions expire at the end of the TEMPO block.

WHAT DOES BCMG MEAN ON A TAF?

It means the weather is becoming something new and the weather has a transition from one condition to another usually over the span of an hour

WHAT DOES 9999 MEAN ON A TAF?

it means visibility is 10kms or more

■ WINDS ALOFT

-WHERE DO YOU FIND WINDS ALOFT DATA?

-ARE WINDS MAGNETIC OR TRUE?

-HOW DO YOU KNOW A WINDS ALOFT CHARTS IS CURRENT?

-HAVE THE STUDENT READ A WINDS ALOFT CHART

-WHAT DOES "9900" MEAN?

-WHAT DOES "725952" MEAN?

-You can find Winds Aloft data in your foreflight briefing or aviationweather.gov

-Winds are True

-To check currency, look for the valid printed time on the top of the chart, they are issued every 6 hours

-"9900" means light and variable at 5kts

-"725952" means winds are from 220° true at 159kts and -52 degrees C

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAGNETIC AND TRUE?

True is based on true north and doesn't change with location. Used in maps, GPS, winds aloft, etc.

Magnetic is based on magnetic north or where a compass would point. Used in HSI, VORs, METAR, ATIS, etc.

■ AIRMETS

-WHAT IS AN AIRMET?

-WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRMETS?

-WHEN IS AN AIRMET REQUIRED TO BE PUBLISHED?

-HOW OFTEN IS AN AIRMET UPDATED?

-An AIRMET is a broadcast to all pilots but generally caters to GA pilots informing them of certain weather conditions

-The three different types of AIRMETS are:

○Sierra-IFR conditions or mountain obscuration

○Tango- Moderate turbulence and sustained winds greater than 30kts sustained

○Zulu- Moderate icing and providing freezing level information

-An AIRMET is required to be published when one or more of the above criteria is met

-They are issued every 6 hours and are valid for 6 hours

■ SIGMETS & CONVECTIVE SIGMETS

-WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SIGMETS AND AIRMETS?

-WHAT ARE CONVECTIVE SIGMETS ISSUED FOR?

-HOW OFTEN ARE SIGMETS & CONVECTIVE SIGMETS ISSUED?

-SIGMETS are used for a lot of the same things as an AIRMET but when they are at a more intense level and they should be considered by all aircraft, not just light or GA. SIGMETS will also include Dust storms, Sandstorms, Tropical Cyclones, Vis below 3sm, and Volcanic ash

-Convective SIGMETS are issued for convective activity which in short means thunderstorms and other sever conditions. Convective SIGMETS include;

○Thunderstorms with winds greater than 50kts, Hail greater than 3/4 inch in diameter, and tornados

○Embedded Thunderstorms

○Squall Lines

-SIGMETS are issued as needed and are valid for 4 hours.

-CONVECTIVE SIGMETS are issued every 55 minutes past the hour and are valid for 2 hours

WHICH WAY DO LOW AND HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEMS ROTATE?

-WHAT TYPE OF WEATHER CONDITIONS IS

ASSOCIATED WITH EACH?

-Low pressure systems move counter clock wise, inward, and up. There is usually unstable air, precipitation, clouds "bad weather"

-High pressure systems move clockwise, down and out .

There is usually clear skies, stable air, "Good/better weather"

IF YOU ARE PLANNING A TRIP BETWEEN TWO PRESSURE SYSTEMS HOW WOULD YOU ROUTE THE FLIGHT

In the Northern Hemisphere, air flows clockwise around highs and counterclockwise around lows. When planning between them, I'd route my flight to stay in the flow that gives me a tailwind usually on the downwind side of the systems — while avoiding the unstable air near the low-pressure area

WHAT IS A COLD FRONT?

a front that occurs when a cold air mass moves in and replaces a warm air mass by essentially cutting under the warm air mass which forces the air to rise rapidly. They are usually associated with very poor weather with heavy turbulence, clouds and possibly more severe weather like thunderstorms

WHAT IS A WARM FRONT?

a front that occurs when a warm air mass moves in and replaces a cold air mass by sliding over a cold air mass which usually creates less severe weather such as light precipitation and layered clouds.

WHAT IS A STATIONARY FRONT?

Where two air masses meet, but neither one advances.

WHAT IS AN OCCLUDED FRONT?

when a cold front overtakes a warm front which lifts the warm air off the ground with widespread precipitation, clouds, and turbulence

WHAT IS A TROUGH?

A elongated area of low pressure

WHAT IS A RIDGE

A elongated area of high pressure

HOW DO YOU DETERMINE WINDS ON A SURFACE ANALYSIS CHART?

If you look at the isobars, then you can consider where the winds are generally coming from and how strong they are depending if they are tightly woven together or not.

HOW DO YOU KNOW A SURFACE ANALYSIS CHART IS VALID?

Look at the printed time on the chart itself usually in the upper right hand corner. They are issued every 3 hours

WHAT DO THE RED OUTLINE AND BLUE OUTLINES DEPICT ON A PROGNOSTIC CHART

-Red outline means areas of IFR with ceilings below 1000 AGL and Vis less than 3sm

-Blue outline is Moderate IFR with ceilings from 1000-3000 AGL and Vis. from 3-5sm

HOW WOULD YOU MAINTAIN ENROUTE WEATHER?

-WHAT IS THE UNIVRESAL FEQUENCY

-We can get enroute weather by contacting flight services at 122.2, listening to ATIS/AWOS, or potentially even ask ATC/Center for updates

■ HOW CAN WE USE THE G1000 TO PROCURE WEATHER PRODUCTS?

-WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS TO USING ON

BOARD WEATHER SYSTEMS?

We can use the G1000 to use NEXRAD overlays where you can look at METARS, SIGMETS, AIRMETS, etc. This is all capable through ADS-B

-The limitations are that NEXRAD is about 5-15 minutes old usually

WHAT IS THE ATMOSPHERE COMPOSED OF?

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other gases

■ WHAT IS STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS?

-WHAT IS THE STANDARD LAPSE RATE?

-15 Degrees C and 29.92

-Standard lapse rate is -2 degrees C for every 1000 ft

WHAT PART OF THE ATMOSPHERE DOES THE MAJORITY OF WEATHER OCCUR?

-WHAT ALTITUDE DOES THE TROPOSPHERE REACH?

-Troposphere (Surface-36000 Ft MSL)

WHAT WEATHER IS ASSOCIATED WITH STABLE AIR?

-Stratus type clouds, Smooth air, Poor Visibility from haze/fog, Possibly light precipitation