Psychology: Quiz #4 Study Guide

Trait

a disposition to behave consistently in a particular way; the major force behind personality

Personality

uniqueness and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives thay characterize an individual

Behavioral Threshold

the points at which a person moves from not having a particular response to having one

Psychoanalytic

one personality resides in the unconscious, and early childhood experiences by the foundation for adult personality (include different types of consciousness, ID, Ego, Superego)

Unconscious

contains all the drives, urges, or instincts that are outside awareness but nonetheless motivate most of our speech, thoughts, feelings, or action

Conscious

being aware of at any given moment in time

Preconscious

below the surface of awareness; latent parts of the brain that are readily available to the conscious mind

ID

identification; the seat of impulse and desire; the part of our personality that we don't yet own; it owns or control us at birth

Ego

a sense of self; the only part of the mind that is in direct contact with the outside world; operates on the "reality principle"

Superego

the part of the self that monitors and controls behavior, "stand over us" and evaluates action in terms of right and wrong; our conscience; impulse control

Humanistic-Positive

we have a natural interest in becoming the best person possible; the strives toward growth and fulfillment (Maslow and Roger)

Social Cognitive

a person's behavior changes in different situations; behavior results from the interaction of the cognitive and emotional qualities of the person and the particular situations they are in (Mischel)

Five-Factor Model For Trait

Openness to experiences, conscientiousness (planned, organized, controlled), extraversion (sociable, talkative, outgoing), agreeableness (warm, trusting, generous), neuroticism (anxious, worrying, tense) [O.C.E.A.N.]

Cortical Arousal

the brain's level of authority at a resting state and its sensitivity to stimulation

Sensory Threshold

refers to how much a stimulus is required for it to be perceived

Human Evolutionary Heritage

why people work to preserve group membership and they modify their behavior when in the presence of others

Conformity

the tendency of people to adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to the norms of their culture

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency to explain other's behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms

Stereotypes

schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on groups to which they belong; they are oversimplified perspectives of people based solely on their group membership

Informational Social Influence

conformity to the behavior of others because one views them as a source of knowledge about what one is supposed to do (Ex. Where everyone's eating lunch)

Normative Social Influence

conformity to the behavior of others in order to be accepted by them (Ex. Not to eat at CR because that's where the nerds go)

Groupthink

a situation in which the thinking of the group takes over, so much so that group members forget logic or critical analysis in the service of reading a decision

Implicit Association Test

Identify two types of things with left-handed responses; two opposites types with right-handed response

Mere Exposure

our tendency to develop preferences fro things simply since we are familiar with them; repeated presentation with a stimulus eventually engenders a preference (nurture)

Illusory Truth

repeated representation with a falsehood eventually engenders a beliefs

In-Group/Out-Group Bias

tendency to show positive feelings toward people who belong to the same group as we do, and negative feelings toward those in other groups

Implicit Bias

indirect, perhaps unconscious

Explicit Bias

plainly state

Dispositional

internal attributions for our successes

Situational

external attributions for our failures

Psychological Disorder

conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, two behaviors

Sternberg's Triangle of Love

passion, intimacy, commitment

Syndrome

a group, or cluster of related symptoms that are characteristic of a disorder

Four "D"s Syndrome

Disturbance (of thought, emotion, or behavior), dysfunction (of biological or developmental processes), distress (or disability) (in everyday life especially relationships or work), deviant (thought, emotion, or behavior, but only if also dysfunctional)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

inattention (careless mistakes, not listening), hyperactivity, impulsivity (blurts, interrupts, can't wait turn)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

impaired social interaction, impaired communication, repetitive/stereotypic behaviors (hand flapping, inflexible routine)

Joint Attention

the ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction that someone else is looking

Schizophrenia

a psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perceptions, including hallucinations

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

nonresponsiveness emotional flatness, immobility, catatonia, problems with speech, and inability to complete tasks

Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

working memory, attention, verbal learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing and speech

Word Salad

the speech of people with schizophrenia, which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content

Dopamine Hypothesis

states the people with schizophrenia have an excess of dopamine activity in certain areas of the brain

Major Depressive Disorder

a mood disorder characterized by persuasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least two conservative weeks

Bipolar Disorder

a mood disorder characterized by substanial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) moods

Symptoms of Manic

Distractibility, indiscretion, grandiosity, flight in ideas, activity increased, sleep (decreased need for), talkativeness (at least once a week) [DIGFAST]

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

an anixety disorder in which uncontrollable thoughts lead to repeated, unwanted behaviors

Obsession

an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress

Compulsion

a repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

a type of trauma- and stressor-related disorder that involves intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms triggered by catastrophic or horrifying events

Dissociative Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

a dissociative disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions; some psychiatrists question the legitimacy of the disorder

Personality Disorders

patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence and are maladaptive and inflexible; they are more stable than clinical disorders

Cluster A of Personality Disorders - Odd-Eccentric

Schizoid: Lack of interest in social relationships, inappropriate of flat emotion, thought, and coldness; Schizotypal: Isolated, odd, and bizarre thoughts and beliefs; Paranoid: Extreme, unwarranted and maladaptive suspicion

Cluster B of Personality Disorders -Dramatic-Emotional

Histrionic: Wild, exaggerated behaviors, extreme need for attention, suicidal, seductive, unstable relationships, shifting moods; Borderline: Shifting moods, dramatic, impulsive, self-injury (Ex. cutting); Narcissistic: Grandiose thoughts and sense of one's importance, exploitative, arrogant, lack of concern for others; Antisocial: Impulsive, violent, deceptive, and criminal behavior; no respect for social norms, ruthless

Cluster C of Personality Disorder - Anxious-Fearful

Avoidant: Anxious and worrying, sense of inadequacy, fear of being criticized, nervousness, avoids social interaction; Dependent: Pervasive selflessness, need to cared fro, fear of rejection, total dependence on and submission to others; Obsessive-compulsive: Extreme perfectionism and anxiety over minor disruption of routine, very rigid activities and relationships, pervades most aspects of everyday life

Causes For Psychological Disorders

a combination of genetic and environmental factors

Phenothiazines

drugs used to treat schizophrenia; they help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia but also have adverse side effects

Traditional Antipsychotics

1st medications used to manage psychotic symptoms

Tardive Diskinesia

repetitive, involuntary movements of jaw, tongue, face, and mouth resulting from the extended use of traditional antipsychotic drugs

Atypical Antipsychotics

Newer antipsychotic drugs that do not create tardive dyskinesia

Class of Drug Treatment For Schizophrenia

chlorpromazine, haloperidol, clozapine

Class of Drug Treatment For Anxiety

risperidone, SSRIs, benzodiazepines, barbiturates

Class of Drug Treatment For Depression

MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, bupropion

Class of Drug Treatment For Bipolar Disorder

Lithium

Class of Drug Treatment For Anxiety and Depression

SNRI and SSRIs

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhbitors

a class of drugs used to treat depression; they slow the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain

Tricyclic Antidepressants

drugs used for treating depression as well as chronic pain and ADHD

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

drugs prescribed primarily fro depression and some anxiety disroders that work by making more serotonin available in the synapse

Serotonin-Nonrepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

antidepressant and anti-anxiety drugs that boost levels of serotonin and nonrepinephrine

Benzodiazepines

a class of anxiety-reducing drugs that can be addictive but are less dangerous than barbiturates

Barbiturates

a class of anxiety-reducing sedatives that can additive and carry a risk of overdose

Lithium

a salt that is prescribed fro its ability to stabilize the mani associated with bipolar disorder

Side Effect of Chlorpromazine

Fatigue, visual impairment, tardive dyskinesia

Side Effects of Haloperidol

Fatigue, visual impairment, tardive dyskinesia

Side Effects of Clozapine

Weight gain, increased risk of diabetes, reduction of white blood cells

Side Effects of Risperidone

Weight gain, increased risk of diabetes, reduction of white blood cells

Side Effects of SSRIs

Agitation, insomnia, nausea, difficulty achieving orgasm; rare cases of increased risk for suicide

Side Effects of Benzodiazepines

Can be addictive

Side Effects of Barbiturates

Slows breathing and hear rate; can lead to overdose

Side Effects of MAO Inhibitors

Dangerous increases in blood pressure

Side Effects of Tricyclic Antidepressants

Dry mouth, weight gain, irritability, confusion, constipation

Side Effects of SSRIs

Agitation, insomnia, nausea, difficulty achieving orgasm; rare cases of increased risk for suicide

Side Effects of Bupropion

Weight loss, dry mouth, headaches

Side Effects of Lithium

Diarrhea, nausea, tremors, kidney failure, cognitive effects, adverse cardiac effects

Side Effects of SNRI

Sleep disturbance, dizziness, sexual dysfunction, suicidal thoughts

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

the treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a person's brain in order to induce a seizure

Psychotherapy

the use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior

Psychoanalytic Therapy

Based on Freud's ideas, a therapeutic approach oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering conscious motives, especially through dream interpetation

Psychodynamic Therapy

the modern offshoot of Freud's psychoanalysis and a form of talk therapy that confronts unconscious impulses, ideas, and wishes

Client-centered Therapy

a form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient

Cognitive Therapy

any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns

Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT)

an approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors

Group Therapy

a therapeutic setting in which several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a therapist to help themselves and one another

Support Groups

meetings of people who share a common situation, be it a disorder, a disease, or caring for an ill family member

Evidence-Based Therapy

treatment choices based on empirical evidences that they produce the desired outcome

Technology-Based Therapies

therapies that make use of technology or the Internet to complement current therapies or to make psychotherapeutic techniques available to more people

Virtual Reality Therapies

therapies that use virtual (digital simulation) environments to create therapeutic situations that would be hard to create otherwise

Integrative Therapy

an eclectic approach in which the therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

an approach that combines element of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

treatment that integrates elements of CBT with exercise aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation and is used to treat borderline personality disorders