World History - S1 Exam

Civilization

An advanced stage of human society marked by a well-organized government and high levels of culture, science, and industry

Cultural diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

City-State

A political unit that includes a city and it surroundings and villages

Empire

A state containing several countries

Democracy

A form of government in which citizens hold political power

Martyr

A person who suffers or dies because of his or her beliefs

Pope

Head of the Roman Catholic Church; in ancient Rome, bishop of Rome who claimed authority over all other bishops

Secular

Having to do with worldly, rather than religious, matters; nonreligious

Papal Supremacy

The claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers

Canon Law

Body of laws of a Church

Excommunication

Exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews

Schism

A split or divide

The Great Schism

The official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054

Crusades

A series of wars from the 1000s through 12000s in which Europe Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims

Holy Land

Jerusalem and other places where Christians believe Jesus had lived and preached

Black Death

An epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe in the 1300s

Epidemic

Outbreak of a rapidly spreading disease

Icon

Holy image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church

Citizen

Legal member of a country

Messiah

Savior sent by God

Humanism

An intellectual movement at the heart if the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics

Humanities

study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome

Florence

A city in the Tuscany region of northern Italy that was the center of the Italian Renaissance

Perspective

Artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimentional effect

Utopian

Idealistically or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society

Indulgence

In the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime

Wittenberg

A city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 theses

Diet

assembly or legislature

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Theocracy

Geneva

Swiss city-state that became Calvinist theocracy's in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland

Sect

A subgroup of a major religious group

Canonize

Recognize a person as a saint

Compromise

An agreement in which each side makes concessions, acceptable middle ground

Council of Trent

A group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church

Heliocentric

Based on the belief that the sun in the center of the universe

Scientific Method

A careful, step by step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis

Hypothesis

An unproved theory accepted for the purposes of explaining certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation

Calculus

A branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations, developed by Isaac Newton

Gravity

Force that pulls objects in Earth’s sphere to the center of Earth

Middle Passage

The leg of the triangular trade route on which slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas.

Dutch East India Company

A trading company established with full sovereign powers by the Netherlands in 1602 to protect and expand its trade in Asia

Encomienda

The right, granted by Spanish monarchs to conquistadors, to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area

Line of Demarcation

Line set by the Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the non-European world into two zones, one controlled by Spain and the other by Portugal

Missionary

Someone sent to do a religious work in a territory or foreign country

Viceroy

Representative of the king of Spain who ruled colonies in his name

Mercantilism

Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver

Columbian Exchange

The global exchange of goods, ideas, planets, and animals, and disease with Columbus’s journey to the Americas

Sepoy

Indian soldier who served in an army set up by the French or English trading companies

Triangular Trade

Colonial trade routes among Europe and its colonies, the West Indies, and Africa in which goods were exchanged for enslaved people

Cartographer

A person who makes maps

Goa

A coastal city seized in 1510 that became the commercial and military base of Portugal’s India trade

Price Revolution

Period in European history when inflation rose rapidly

Circumnavigate

To travel completely around the world

Monopoly

Complete control of a product or business by one person or a group

Conquistador

“Conqueror“ in Spanish; a leader in the Spanish conquests of America, Mexico, and Peru in the sixteenth century

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494, which divided the non-European world between them

French and Indian War

War between Britain and France in the Americas that happened from 1754 to 1763; it was a part of a global war called the Seven Years War

Outpost

A distant military station or remote settlement

Commercial Revolution

A period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from about the 1500s until the early 1700s. It included the growth of capitalism, banking, and investing

Roman Numerals

1. Roman Numerals are added from left to right

2. If there is a smaller number listed before a larger number, it means you subtract from the larger number

3. My Dear Children Like Xtra Vanilla Icecream

What does SPICE stand for?

S - Social

P - Political

I - Interactions between humans and the enviorment

C - Cultural

E - Economic

Social

How were social structures created, maintained, and transformed?

Political

• how systems (government, hierarchies, etc.) are created/constructed and maintained?

• State forms - how do you organize your people?

Interactions between human and the environment

• geography

• how does geography affect a civilization?

• what happens when human utilize the environment?

Culture

• religion, beliefs, philosophies, ideologies, etc.

• how are ideas adopted?

• What happens when two cultures meet?

Economics

• How do you make money? How do you use it?

• How do you distribute resources?

• How do you handle scarcity?

What is an era?

Long and distant period of history with a particular feature or characteristic

What are the five major eras?

• Prehistoric

• Ancient History

• Medieval History

• Pre-Modern Age

• Contemporary Age

Timelines

• Helps organize information into a chronological event

• Will help show recurring events, key events, cause and effect

Basic features of civilizations

CITIES

• Larger and more complex than villages

• Support the other features of civilization

GOVERNMENTS

• Coordinate public-works projects such as bridge and dam construction

• Establish laws and organize defense

COMPLEX RELIGIONS

• Belief in one or more Gods or Goddesses

• Institution of rituals

JOB SPECIALIZATION

• Different types of jobs that lead workers to specialize on one task

SOCIAL CLASSES

• Ranked groups based on job or status

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE

• Artwork that expresses a society’s talents, beliefs, and values

PUBLIC WORKS

• Large-scale projects for the benefit of a city and its people

WRITING

• Structured writing system initially used by governments and merchants to record important information

Monarchy

• Hereditary power (king, queen) holds central power

• Examples: England (1558-1603), France (1643-1715), Russia (1762-1796), Oman, Saudi Arabia

Aristocracy

• Hereditary landholding upper class rules

• Examples: England (1688-1832), France (1700s before French Revolution)

Oligarchy

• Small wealthy elite exercises power

• Examples: Renaissance Florence, South Africa under apartheid, former Soviet Union

Charlemagne

1) unified the empire as a Christian Empire and anyone that was conquered had to convert to Christianity

2) returned to Latin teachings (bible, laws, etc. in Latin)

3) moved the central power out of Rome to present day Germany

Chivalry

1) be brave

2) be loyal

3) be true to your word

4) fight fair

Effects of the Crusades

• Growth of a money economy

• Changes for monarchs and the church

• Europeans gain a wider view of the world

• impact of the middle east and byzantine empire

Causes and Effects of the Hundred Years’ War

CAUSES:

• Long-standing English and French rivalry over lands in France

• Edward III of England claims the French throne

• Edward III’s armies invade France

EFFECTS:

• English monarchy is weakened; French monarchy is strengthened

• Knights displaced as main fighting force; replaced with soldiers for hire

• Weapons become more technologically advanced

Catholicism

• salvation is achieved through faith and good works

• priests perform seven sacraments, or rituals - baptism, confirmation, marriage, ordination, communion, anointing of the sick, and penance

• Pope is the head of Church

• Bible is one source of truth; Church tradition is another

• Priests interpret the Bible and Church teachings for the people

Lutheranism

• Salvation is achieved through faith alone

• accepts some sacraments, but rejects others because rituals cannot erase sin- only God can

• The head is the elected councils

• Bible alone is source of truth

• People read and interpret the bible for themselves

Calvinism

• God alone predetermines who will be saved

• accepts some of the sacraments, but rejects others because rituals cannot erase sin- only God can

• the head is the council of elders

• bible alone is the source of truth

• People read and interpret the Bible for themselves

Jamestown

the first permanent British settlement in Virginia

The impact of Justinian’s code

In the Byzantine Empire:

• His code simplifies and organizes laws, thus helping to unify the Byzantine empire’s vast territories.

During the Middle Ages:

• European monarchs use Code’s principles to strengthen and centralize their power.

Up to the present:

• Through England’s common law tradition, the code influences American laws.