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One-step growth

A method for studying virus replication where all cells are simultaneously infected to observe the kinetics of viral production in a single replication cycle.

Virus reproduction

The process by which viruses infect a host cell, replicate their genome, assemble new virions, and release them to infect other cells.

Susceptible

A cell that has the necessary receptor for a virus to attach and enter.

Permissive

A cell that supports the complete viral replication cycle, providing the required intracellular factors.

Viral pathogenesis

The process by which viruses cause disease in the host, including mechanisms of infection, immune evasion, and tissue damage.

Monolayer

A single layer of cells grown in culture, often used to study viral infections.

Primary cell cultures

Cells directly taken from living tissue and cultured; they maintain normal physiology but have limited divisions.

Diploid cell strains

Cultured cells that retain a normal chromosome number (2n) and have a finite lifespan.

Aneuploid

Cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes, often found in continuous cell lines used for viral studies.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

Reprogrammed adult cells that regain the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, useful in virus-host interaction studies.

Organoid

A 3D mini-tissue culture system that mimics an organ's structure and function, useful for studying viral infections in human-like systems.

Cytopathic effects (CPE)

Visible changes in infected cells caused by viral replication, such as cell lysis, vacuolation, inclusion bodies, and syncytia formation.

Syncytium

A multinucleated giant cell formed when viruses induce the fusion of infected cells (e.g., HIV, measles virus).

Plaque-forming units (PFU)

A measure of infectious virus particles, based on the number of plaques (clear zones) formed on a monolayer of cells.

Efficiency of plating

The ratio of infectious virions to total virions, calculated by comparing the number of PFU to the total virus count.

Particle-to-plaque-forming-unit (PFU) ratio

The number of total virus particles divided by the number of infectious (plaque-forming) viruses.

In vitro

Experiments performed outside a living organism, typically in a controlled lab environment (e.g., cell culture systems).

In vivo

Experiments conducted within a living organism (e.g., testing viral infections in animal models).

In planta

Experiments conducted in plants, often for plant virology research.

Ex vivo

Experiments conducted on tissues or cells extracted from a living organism, but outside the body.

Defective particles

Non-infectious viral particles due to mutations or errors in replication, often requiring a helper virus to replicate.

Hemagglutination

The clumping of red blood cells (RBCs) by certain viruses due to interactions with viral surface proteins (e.g., influenza virus hemagglutinin).

Neutralize

Antibodies or chemicals blocking viral infectivity, preventing viruses from entering or replicating in host cells.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

A serological test that detects viral proteins (antigens) or antibodies using enzyme-labeled antibodies.

Confocal microscopy

An advanced fluorescence microscopy technique that provides high-resolution 3D images of viruses and infected cells.

Metagenomics

The study of genetic material from environmental or clinical samples to identify all viruses present, including unknown ones.

Virome

The collection of all viral genomes within a specific environment or organism (e.g., human gut virome).

Burst

The release of a large number of virions from an infected cell after viral replication.

Eclipse period

The time between virus entry into the cell and the appearance of newly assembled virions (i.e., no detectable virus yet).

Latent period

The time between virus infection and the first extracellular release of infectious virions.

Multiplicity of infection (MOI)

The ratio of virus particles to host cells in an experiment (e.g., MOI = 1 means 1 virus per cell).

RNAseq

A sequencing method used to analyze viral and host gene expression during infection.

Virus titer

The concentration of infectious virus particles in a sample, measured in PFU/mL or TCID₅₀.

Plaque

A clear zone in a monolayer of cells caused by virus-induced cell lysis, used for quantification of infectious virus.

One-hit kinetics

A viral infection model where each infectious virus particle independently initiates an infection.

Two-hit kinetics

A model where two viral components must interact to establish an infection, often seen in defective interfering particles.