APUSH

"Waving the Bloody Shirt"

An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats

Ulysses S. Grant Administration

Era of which Ulysses S. Grant served as president for two terms, corrupted rule

Boss Tweed

Leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, New York political machine

Party Bosses and Political Machines

A political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses

Thomas Nast

The German born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist considered to be the father of American Cartoon. Most known for caricatures of Boss Tweed

Credit Mobiler Scandal

A scandal that formed when a group of union pacific railroad insiders formed the credit mobilier construction company and then hired themselves to build the railroad with inflated wages. they bribed several congressmen and the vice president to keep the scandal from going public

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars

Panic of 1873

Economic depression during Grant's second term

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war

Gilded Age

Coin termed by Mark Twain; period from 1870s - 1890s, businesses grew at a rapid rate and many problems lied below perceived prosperity

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Stalwarts and Half-Breeds

Conservatives of the Republican Party that opposed the existing patronage and opposed friendly relations between the North and South; The more liberal Republicans and wanted reforms of patronage under Rutherford B. Hayes. Patronage is rotation of office.

Compromise of 1877

Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South

Civil Rights Act of 1875

A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment

Sharecropping

A system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Plessy v. Fergueson

Supreme Court decisions that segregation was legal as long as the separate facilities provided for blacks were equal to those provided to whites

Chinese Exclusion Act

Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate

James A. Garfield

20th president elected in 1880

Pendelton Civil Service Reform Act

Law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat

Billion Dollar Congress

Nickname given to the 51st Congress under President Benjamin Harrison, as it was the first to exceed a budget of over a billion dollars. Some of their actions included showering pensions on Civil War veterans, increasing government purchases of silver with the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, and passing Sherman Antitrust Act and the McKinley Tariff. One of the most active congresses in history.

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867

Poll Tax

A tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote

Literacy Tax

Required that a citizen prove he could read/write in order to vote

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad line that linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system; constructed by the *Central Pacific* and *Union Pacific* railroads; completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Financier whose family dominated the railroad industry

"Robber Barons"

Negative term used to describe large businessmen of the late 1800's because of the fact that they used ruthless practices to destroy competition and took advantage of workers

Wabash v. Illinois

Supreme court ruling that states could not regulate interstate commerce

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the Telephone

Thomas Edison

Inventor of the Lightbulb

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Standard Oil Company

Oil company owned by John D. Rockefeller which by 1870 was the largest oil refiner had horrible working conditions that was exposed by Ida Tarbell

Trusts

A combination of large companies form an alliance to squeeze out competition. The companies used money to influence members of the US Senate. This led to the passage of the 16th Amendment (Direct election of Senators)

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded Steel Company 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy

J. Pierpoint Morgan

Most powerful banker of 1800s

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities

Social Darwinism

A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Haymarket Square Incident

This was an 1886 explosion in Chicago during labor disorders that killed several people including police officers. The explosions appeared to be the result of anarchists yet the public largely placed blame on labor unions thus hurt their cause

American Federation of Labor

Alliance of skilled workers in craft unions; focus was bread-and butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions

Open Shop Factories vs. Closed Shop factories

open: all workers can be given job

closed: union members only

Sears Roebuck Catalog

Late 19th - early 20th century magazine including goods sold in the department stores

"Dumbell" Tenements

Long, narrow five story building shaped like barbells

Immigration in the 1880s

Made up the working class in the North. Most were Irish (leaving bc of famine) and German (fled political revolution)

Jane Addams

The founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Settlement Houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants

Charles Darwin

1809-1882 English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in "On The Origin of the Species" in 1859

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality

W.E.B DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Tuskegee Institute

Black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts

Land-grant Colleges

State educational institutions built with the benefit of federally donated lands

National American Women's Suffrage Association

A group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol. The pres. of the company was Frances Willard

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Naturalism

A nineteenth-century literary movement that was an extension of realism and that claimed to portray life exactly as it was

Regionalism

A foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas

World's Columbian Exposition of 1893

Also known as The Chicago World's Fair; was a World's Fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival in the New World

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

American Indian Reservations

Distant from centers of modernization and industrialization, created after the Trail of Tears

Sand Creek Massacre

An attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members

Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Bison

A wild creature known in America as a "buffalo"

A Century of Dishonor

Written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 to expose the atrocities the United States committed against Native Americans in the 19th century

Battle of Wounded Knee

US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Cattle Trails

Used to transport livestock from summer grazing areas in Texas to the railroads in Kansas

Homestead Act of 1862

This allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Frontier Thesis

The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic; emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy

Populists

A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8 hour working day

Pullman Strike

Nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages - Pres. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

William McKinley

25th president, assassinated by an anarchist

"Cross of Gold" Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold

Gold Standard Act

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation