UIUC SHS 170 - Exam 1

communication disorder

impairs the ability to both receive and send, and also process and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal, and graphic information

verbal communication

speaking and writing; most common

non-verbal communication

body language, sign language, gestures, eye contact, etc

speech disorder

atypical production of speech

articulation disorder

atypical production of speech sounds

voice disorders

abnormal production and/or absence of voice quality (pitch, loudness, resonance, duration)

fluency disorders

interruption in the flow of speech (ex-stuttering)

language disorder

impairment in comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or the symbol systems

hearing disorder

impaired sensitivity of the auditor or hearing system

augmentative/alternative communication systems

attempts taught by SLPs to compensate and facilitate, on a temporary or permanent basis, for impaired/disabled communication disorders

audiologists

specialists who measure hearing ability and identify, assess, manage, and prevent disorders of hearing and balance

speech language pathologists

identify, asses, treat, and prevent communication disorders in all modalities (spoken, written, pictorial, manual)

SLP credentials

master's degree, ASHA CCC-SLP, state license, possible additional requirements for department of education

efficacy

probability of benefit from an intervention method under IDEAL conditions

effectiveness

probability of benefit from an intervention method under AVERAGE conditions

efficiency

application of the quickest method involving the least effort and greatest positive benefit (including unintended effects)

language

1. socially shared code

2. arbitrary symbols

3. rule-governed combinations

communication

exchange of ideas between senders and receivers; involved transmission and response/feedback

sociolinguistics

how cultural identity, setting, and participants influence communication

linguistic intuition

recognition of "wrong" and "right" grammar; native speakers possess this

generative

each language utterance is freshly created

dynamic

language changes over time

form (phonology morphology, & syntax)

one of the 3 basic ingredients of language

phonology

sound system of a language

phoneme

smallest unit of sound

morphology

the structure of words

morpheme

smallest meaningful unit

free morpheme

ex- cat

bound morpheme

ex- s, catS

syntax

how words are arranged in a sentence and the ways in which one word may affect another

contents (semantics)

the content or meaning of a language

semantic features

the pieces of meaning that define a particular word

use (pragmatics)

refers to how and why we use language; varies w/ culture

speech

the acoustic representation of language

articulation

the way speech sounds are formed

voice

loudness, pitch, frequency

fluency

smooth, forward flow of communication; influenced by prosody

prosody

rhythm and rate of speech

suprasegmental

stress and intonation patterns; a form of nonverbal communication

artifacts

how you look, clothes, possessions, music etc; a form of nonverbal communication

kinesics

body language; a form of nonverbal communication

proxemics

physical distance between people; a form of nonverbal communication

tactiles

touching behaviors: a form of nonverbal communication

chronemics

effect of time on communication; a form of nonverbal communication

dialects

differences that reflect a particular regional, social, cultural, or ethnic identity includes pronunciations and grammatical features; NOT a communication disorder

accent

a distinct mode of pronunciations of a language, especially one associated with a particular national, locality, or social class; NOT a communication disorder

etiology

cause/origin of the problem (anatomical or physiological impairment, cognitive deficits, hearing deficits, neuromotor abnormalities; cleft lip)

congenital communication disorder

present at birth

acquired communication disorder

result of illness, accident, or environmental circumstances

prevalence of communication disorder

17% of U.S has a communication disorder

dysarthria

when paralysis, weeks, or poor coordination of the muscles for speech result in poor speech articulation

apraxia

poor articulation due to motor difficulties

fillers

"um"

hesitations

unexpected pauses

repetitions

"g-go-go"

prolongations

"wwww-well"

bilateral hearing loss

loss of hearing in both ears

unilateral hearing loss

loss of hearing in one ear

conductive hearing loss

damage to outer or middle ear

sensorineural hearing loss

damage to inner ear and/or auditory nerve

predisposing cause

underlines the problem

precipitating cause

triggered the problem

perpetuating cause

continue or add to the problem

diagnosis

distinguishing an individuals difficulties from a broad range of possible problems

diagnostic therapy

working with the client over time to better determine strength and weakness

norm-referenced test

standardized test that have normative data that allows examiners to compare individuals performance with that of others from the same population

criterion-referenced test

determine whether a client can perform a certain task; useful in establishing therapy goals and evaluating

non-standardized tests

procedure for testing may

dynamic assessment

probing to explore a client's ability to modify behavior by producing misarticulated sounds, learning a language rule, etc

incidental teaching

SLP follows the client's lead but teaches along the way

respiratory system

provides the driving force for speech by generating positive air pressure values beneath the vocal folds

laryngeal system (larynx)

vibrates at high rates of speed, setting air molecules in the vocal tract into multiple frequencies of vibration

articulatory/resonating system

acts as an acoustic filter, allowing certain frequencies to pass into the atmosphere while simultaneously blocking other frequencies

tidal breathing

breathing to sustain life; does not require active muscle contraction

abduct

vocal folds move apart during respiration

adduct

vocal folds move together during phonation

thyroid cartilage

largest laryngeal cartilage

hyoid bone

horseshoe-shaped structure that serves as the point of attachment of both laryngeal and tongue musculature

vocal folds

abduct during respiration and adduct during phonation

3 articulatory cavities

oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharyngeal cavity

vocal tract

made up of the 3 cavities (oral, nasal, pharyngeal)

fixed articulators

hard palate, teeth

movable articulators

lips, tongue, soft palate, pharynx

5) trigeminal nerve

face - sensory, motor

7) facial nerve

face - expression, sensory

8) vestibulocochlear

hearing and balance

9) glossopharyngeal

tongue and throat - motor and sensory

10) vagus nerve

parasympathetic

12) hypoglossal nerve

speech, chewing, and swallowing

diphthongs

combination of 2 vowels [ei] as in ray, [ai] as in ride

vowels

made by resonating the exhaled air within the oral cavity

vowel tongue placement: part

front, center, back

vowel tongue placement: height

high, mid, low

vowel placement: lips

rounded or retracted

consonants: place of articulation

location in the mouth where two articulators come together

consonants: manner of articulation

ways in which airstream is modified by articulators; how the sound is made

voicing

whether they occur w/ laryngeal vibration

bilabial

constriction is made with both lips (/b/, /m/)

labiodental

constriction made with bottom lip and upper teeth (/f/, /v/)

linguadental/interdental

constriction made with tongue between the teeth (/th/)