Unit 6 : Science and technology

artificial

not natural or real, but made by people

false

made to look like sth real

natural

existing in nature; not made or caused by humans

physical

connected with things that actually exist or are present and can be seen, felt, etc. rather than things that only exist in a person’s mind

true

connected with facts rather than things that have been invented or guessed

accurate

correct and true in every detail and without any mistakes

method

a particular way of doing something

way

a method, style or manner of doing something

engine

the part of a vehicle that produces power to make the vehicle move

machine

a piece of equipment with many parts that work together to do a particular task

motor

a device that uses electricity, petrol, etc. to produce movement and makes a machine, a vehicle, a boat, etc. work

aim

the purpose of doing something; what somebody is trying to achieve

cause

the person or thing that makes something happen

reason

a cause or an explanation for something that has happened or that somebody has done

estimate

to form an idea of the cost, size, value etc. of something, but without calculating it exactly

calculate

to use numbers to find out a total number, amount, distance, etc.

electric

connected with electricity; using, produced by or producing electricity

electronic

having or using many small parts, such as microchips, that control and direct a small electric current

invent

to produce or design something that has not existed before

discover

to be the first person to become aware that a particular place or thing exists

research

a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information about it

experiment

a scientific test that is done in order to study what happens and to gain new knowledge

progress

the process of improving or developing, or of getting nearer to achieving or completing something

development

the steady growth of something so that it becomes more advanced, stronger, etc.

modern

of the present time or recent times

new

not existing before; recently made, invented, introduced, etc.

industry

the production of goods from raw materials, especially in factories

factory

a building or group of buildings where goods are made, mainly by machine

award

a prize such as money, etc. for something that somebody has done

reward

a thing that you are given because you have done something good, worked hard, etc.

take place

to happen, especially after previously being arranged or planned

occur

to happen

break down

to stop working because of a fault

carry out sth

to do something that you have said you will do or have been asked to do

come off

to be successful; to have the intended effect or result

come on

(informal) to improve or develop in the way you want

come up with

to find or produce an answer, a sum of money, etc.

cut sth off

to stop the supply of something to somebody

find out

to get some information about something/somebody by asking, reading, etc.

give off sth

to produce something such as a smell, heat, light, etc.

narrow sth down

to reduce the number of possibilities or choices

plug sth in

to connect a piece of electrical equipment to the main supply of electricity or to another piece of electrical equipment

put sb through (to sb)

​to connect somebody by phone

turn (from sth) into sth

to become something

turn sth off

to stop a machine working

work sth out

to find the answer to something

make an attempt to do sth

the act of trying to do something, especially something difficult

make an attempt at sth

to try; to make an effort to do something.

be in an attempt to do

an action taken with the intention or purpose of achieving a particular goal

on average

a level that is usual

in the beginning

used to express conditions before some kind of change but it does not refer to when something happened

at the beginning of sth

the time when something starts; the first part of an event, a story, etc.

beginning with

to start doing something; to do the first part of something

at the bottom of sth

located at the lowest part of something.

the cause of sth

The reason or motive behind an event or action, often used to explain the purpose or origin of something.

come to/reach the conclusion that

to form an opinion or decision after considering all the information or evidence available

do/perform/carry out an experiment on sth

tTo conduct an experiment on something

as a matter of fact

something that is true or accurate, without question or doubt. It is used to emphasize the truthfulness of a statement.

the fact (of the matter) is (that)

a phrase used to introduce a statement or truth, emphasizing the point being made. It is often used to bring focus to a key point in a discussion.

face the facts

Accept reality without avoiding it

an introduction to sth/sb

lời giới thiệu tới ai đó

make a phone call

use a telephone or mobile device to connect with someone by speaking to them in real-time over a distance.

get a phone call

to answer or pick up an incoming call on a phone device.

take a photo of sb/sth

Capture an image of someone or something using a camera or smartphone.

cause sth to do

to make something happen, especially something bad

consider sth

to think about something carefully, especially in order to make a decision

consider sb for sth

to think about someone as a potential candidate or option for a particular role, task, or opportunity.

discuss sb/sth with sb

to talk about something with somebody, especially in order to decide something

explain sth to sb

to tell somebody about something in a way that makes it easy to understand

intend to do sth

to have a plan or purpose to do something.

know about sth

to know many things concerning this person or subject

know of sb

to acquainted with something or someone and know who or what they are but do not have any other knowledge about them/it

be known as sth

được gọi là

look at sth/sb

to turn your eyes in a particular direction

look for sb/sth

to try to find somebody/something

look forward to sth

to be thinking with pleasure about something that is going to happen (because you expect to enjoy it)

manage to do

to control or be in charge of a business, a team, an organization, land, etc.

plan sth

to make detailed arrangements for something you want to do in the future

be possible for sb to do sth

that can be done or achieved

result of sth

hậu quả của việc gì

result in sth

to make something happen

result from sth

If a situation or problem results from a particular event or activity, it is caused by it

wonder about sth

to think about something and try to decide what is true, what will happen, what you should do, etc.

appear

to start to be seen

appearance

the way that somebody/something looks on the outside; what somebody/something seems to be

apparently

according to what you have heard or read; according to the way something appears

builder

a person or company whose job is to build or repair houses or other buildings

building

a structure such as a house or school that has a roof and walls

discover

to be the first person to become aware that a particular place or thing exists

explain

to tell somebody about something in a way that makes it easy to understand

explanation

a statement, fact, or situation that tells you why something happened; a reason given for something

introduce

to tell two or more people who have not met before what each other’s names are; to tell somebody what your name is

introduction

the first part of a book or speech that gives a general idea of what is to follow

introductory

=opening : written or said at the beginning of something as an introduction to what follows

observe

(formal) to see or notice somebody/something

observer

a person who watches somebody/something

observation

the act of watching somebody/something carefully for a period of time, especially to learn something

psychology

the scientific study of the mind and how it influences behaviour

psychologist

a scientist who studies and is trained in psychology

psychological

connected with a person’s mind and the way in which it works