Mrcp step 1

medicine

Cogwheel rigidity

A classic clinical sign characteristically associated with Parkinson's disease.

Tongue fasciculations

A physical finding associated with ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), also known as motor neurone disease.

Charcot's triad (cholangitis)

The triad of right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain, fever, and jaundice, indicative of ascending cholangitis.

Reynold's Pentad

The clinical presentation of ascending cholangitis consisting of Charcot's triad (RUQ pain, fever, jaundice) plus altered mental state and shock.

Ash leaf spots

White or lighter patches of skin caused by a lack of melanin, seen in Tuberous sclerosis.

Shagreen patches

Areas of thick leathery skin dimpled like an orange peel, usually found on the lower back or nape of the neck in Tuberous sclerosis.

Necrobiosis lipoidica

Waxy atrophic round plaques on the pre-tibial area that begin as red-brown papules and become yellow, associated with diabetes.

HACEK

An acronym for a set of slow-growing Gram-negative bacteria (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella) forming normal oropharyngeal flora and causing endocarditis in children.

Auer's rods

Cellular structures associated with Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML)-M3.

Aschoff's bodies

Foci of fibrinoid necrosis surrounded by lymphocytes and macrophages throughout all layers of the heart, characteristic of rheumatic fever.

Birbeck granules

Cytoplasmic structures characteristically associated with Histiocytosis X.

Bence-Jones proteinuria

The presence of free light chains in the urine, associated with Multiple myeloma.

Cal-Exner bodies

Histopathological features associated with granulosa/thecal cell tumors of the ovary.

Codman's triangle

A periosteal pattern seen on x-ray characteristically associated with osteosarcoma.

Councilman bodies

Apoptotic hepatocytes associated with toxic or viral hepatitis.

Reed-Sternberg cells

Binucleate giant cells with eosinophilic inclusions characteristically found in Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Curschmann's spirals

Microscopic whorled mucous plugs associated with bronchial asthma.

Orphan Annie cells

Distinctive empty-appearing cell nuclei associated with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.

Reinke's crystals

Cytoplasmic inclusions associated with Leydig cell tumors.

Schiller-Duval bodies

Glomeruloid-like structures characteristically found in yolk sac tumors.

Charcot-Leyden crystals

Crystalline structures composed of eosinophil membrane proteins, associated with bronchial asthma.

Curling's ulcer

A gastric mucosal erosion caused by extensive severe burns to the body surface.

Cushing's ulcer

A superficial gastric mucosal erosion causing excessive secretion of pepsin due to increased intracranial pressure.

Virchow's node

A palpable left supraclavicular lymph node caused by metastatic gastric carcinoma.

Caplan's syndrome

The clinical presentation of rheumatoid arthritis in combination with silicosis.

Schaumann's bodies

Laminated concretions of $\text{Ca}^{2+}$ and protein found in granulomas, especially in sarcoidosis.

Mikulicz's syndrome

Bilateral sarcoidosis of the parotid, submaxillary, and submandibular glands accompanied by posterior uveal tract involvement.

Kartagener's syndrome

An autosomal recessive immotile cilia syndrome marked by a decrease in dynein arm ATPase activity.

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Adrenal gland hypofunction in children due to bilateral hemorrhagic infarctions, most commonly associated with meningococcemia.

Beck's triad

The clinical triad for cardiac tamponade comprising muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, and hypotension.

Cushing's triad

The clinical triad indicative of increased intracranial pressure consisting of bradycardia, bradypnea, and hypertension.

Virchow's triad

The triad of factors predisposing to venous thrombosis: stasis, hypercoagulability, and vessel injury.