***FINAL EXAM: Chapter 20 The Cardiovascular System - Blood単語カード | Quizlet

cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

The circulatory system is comprised of what two systems?

transport cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and respiratory gases throughout the body

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

blood

a specialized fluid connective tissue

- distributes nutrients, oxygen, and hormones

- carries metabolic waste to the kidneys

- transports white blood cells

- maintains homeostasis

- clotting factor / body temp redistribution

What are some functions of blood?

1. Plasma

2. Formed elements (rbcs, wbcs, and platelets)

Blood consists of 2 primary components

plasma

the liquid matrix of blood

contains dissolved proteins

formed elements

blood cells and fragments that are suspended in the plasma:

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (aids in clotting)

whole blood

mixture of both plasma and formed elements

5-6 liters

blood volume in males

4-5 liters

blood volume in females

7.35 - 7.45

What is the general pH range of blood?

plasma

accounts for 55% of blood volume

contains about 92% water

contains much more significant quantities of dissolved proteins compared to interstitual fluid

Because they are large and globular

Why are most plasma proteins unable to cross capillary walls?

- albumins

- globulins

- fibrinogen

What are the three classes of plasma proteins?

albumins

class of plasma protein

makes up 60% of plasma proteins

smallest in size

major contributor in osmotic pressure of plasma

plays a role in transport of fatty acids, steroid hormones, and other substances

globulins

class of plasma protein

makes up 35% of plasma proteins

- IMMUNOGLOBULINS (ANTIBODIES)

- TRANSPORT GLOBULINS - takes excretions to kidneys

Fibrinogen

class of plasma protein

makes up 4% of plasma proteins

largest in size

essential for CLOTTING

forms FIBRIN (found in SERUM fluid)

fibrin

fibers that provide the basic framework for a blood clot

serum

is the fluid that remains if fibrinogen is removed from plasma (the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin)

Lipoproteins

protein-lipid combinations that readily dissolve in plasma, which allows insoluble lipids to be delivered to peripheral tissues

the liver

What organ is the primary source of plasma proteins in which the organ synthesizes and releases more than 90% of such proteins?

RBCs and WBCs

What are the major cellular components of blood that are considered formed elements?

platelets

What are the minor cellular components of blood that are considered formed elements?

erthrocytes (RBC)

most numerous

biconcave discs - shape provides strength and flexibility and permits RAPID DIFFUSION

no nucleus, mitochondria or ribosomes

red due to hemoglobin

lifespan: 120 days

Rouleaux

Stacking of RBCs due to their biconcave shape, allowing them to pass easily through small vessels

hemoglobin

gives RBCs its red color

accounts for more than 95% of the proteins of RBCs

gives RBCs ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

- transport oxygen from lungs to tissues

- transport carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs

What are the two functions of RBCs?

surface antigens on the plasma membrane of RBCs

Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of what specific components?

throughout the peripheral tissues

Where are leukocytes (WBCs) scattered?

- help defend body against pathogens

- remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells

What are the 2 functions of (Leukocytes) WBCs?

- contain nuclei of characteristic sizes and shapes

- they are as large as or larger than RBCs

What are the general characteristics of (Leukocytes) WBCs?

Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)

Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)

What are two classes of Leukocytes (WBCs)?

granular leukocytes (granulocytes)

a class of WBCs that have large granular inclusions in their cytoplasm

Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)

a class of WBCs that do not have visible cytoplasmic granules

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

What are granular leukocytes (granulocytes)?

monocytes and lymphocytes

What are the agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)?

-penia

inadequate (deficiency)

-osis

excessive (much more than)

Diapedesis

the ability to move through vessel walls

- WBCs can move across the endothelial lining of capillaries by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells

Chemotaxis

Attraction of cells to chemical stimuli

- WBCs are attracted to chemical signals of inflammation or infection - draws them to invading pathogens, damaged tissues and other WBCs that are already in the damaged tissue

NLMEB

From greatest to least, what is the order of the WBCs?e

neutrophils

50-70% of WBCs - most common

contains lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal

pale, neutral-staining granules

nucleus resembles series of beads

first to appear at site of infection

highly mobile phagocytic cells

eosinophils

2-4% of all WBCs

stained with eosin (red-orange)

similar size to neutrophils

bilobed (two-lobed) nucleus

phagocytic cells

found more during allergic reactions or parasite infection

basophils

1% of WBCs - least common

stained with basic dye (dark purple)

enters damaged tissue and releases HISTAMINES and HEPARIN

- this increases capillary and venule permeability (resulting in increased inflammation response at injury site)

histamines

compound released by basophils that dilates blood vessels

heparin

compound released by basophils that prevents blood from clotting

monocytes

2-8% of WBCs

massive in size of all WBCs

spherical in shape (large oval or kidney bean-shaped nucleus)

free macrophages (highly mobile, phagocytic cells)

lymphocytes

20-30% of WBCs

very little cytoplasm

primary cells of the lymphoid system

responsible for SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells (natural killer)

What are the 3 groups of lymphocytes?

T cells

type of lymphocyte that enters peripheral tissues and attack foreign cells directly

B cells

type of lymphocyte that differentiates into plasmocytes (plasma cells) that secretes antibodies that attack foreign cells

NK cells (natural killer cells)

type of lymphocyte that are responsible for immune surveillance, a process which destroys abnormal tissue cells

platelets

flattened, membrane-encolsed packets of cytoplasm (appears round or spindled shaped)

also called as THROMBOCYTES; not actually cells

continually replaced!!

lifespan: 10-12 days (remove phagocytes)

megakaryocyte

large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow

can produce around 4000 platelets

hemostasis

a process that prevents the loss of blood through the walls of damaged vessels

CLOTTING