Psych Chapter 13-14

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
Get a hint
Hint

psychological disorder

1 / 80

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

81 Terms

1

psychological disorder

a collection of symptoms (syndrome) marked by a clinically significant disturbance in cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior; determine if one or more present - distress, dysfunction, deviance

New cards
2

medical model

belief that psychological disorders are like physical diseases; disease with predictable symptoms, has an underlying cause that should be treated

New cards
3

biopsychological approach

emphasizes interaction of biological, psychological and social/sociocultural factors in psychological disorders

New cards
4

diagnosis

a form of classification: determining whether something is abnormal and how it is abnormal

New cards
5

stigma

labels and negative attitudes toward people because of particular attribute

New cards
6

self-stigma

negative attitudes, including internalized shame, that people with mental illness have about their own condition; Undermines self-worth and self-efficacy; Hinders recovery

New cards
7

anxiety

anticipation of future threat; Includes muscle tension, worry and vigilance, cautious or avoidant behaviors, and physiological reactivity

New cards
8

anxiety disorders

Distressing, persistent anxiety, Or maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety; includes GAD, panic disorder, social anxiety, phobias

New cards
9

generalized anxiety disorder

Constant, difficult to control, high levels of anxiety and worry; Develops gradually; Aspects of worrying: Cope with stressful events or situations, Constantly generate solutions to "what if" scenarios, Worry about worry

New cards
10

panic disorder

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, Combined with worry about future panic attacks or avoidance of situations that might cause panic attacks; panic attacks include sudden onset of palpitations, sweating, fear of dying, etc.

New cards
11

social anxiety disorder/social phobia

Intense fear of being scrutinized or doing something embarrassing or humiliating in the presence of others; Can involve avoiding most or all social activities - E.g. parties, presentations, eating in public

New cards
12

phobia

Extreme fear of a specific object or situation; ex. blood, living creatures (Spiders) or environmental conditions (heights)

New cards
13

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Obsessive thoughts (Unwanted and repetitive anxiety producing thoughts or images) and Compulsive behaviors (Repetitive responses to these thoughts) in an attempt to counteract anxiety or prevent dreaded events

New cards
14

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

response to trauma: Recurring memories or nightmares of the event, Numbness and social withdrawal, Anxiety, depression, loss of interest, Hypervigilance, jumpiness, difficulty sleeping

New cards
15

trauma

exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence

New cards
16

approaches to understanding anxiety disorders (PTSD, OCD)

classical conditioning (associate stimulus with reflexive reaction, stimulus generalization), operant conditioning and negative reinforcement (ex. lower anxiety is reinforcing, so OCD-like behaviors will continue to be repeated); generally looking for/pay more attention to more anxiety-provoking situations; biology

New cards
17

substance use disorder

using a substance to alter your mental state without moderation or responsibility: diminished control, diminished social functioning, hazardous use, psychological changes (tolerance or withdrawal)

New cards
18

tolerance

brain adapts to continued use of a substance, so that it takes larger and larger doses to experience the same effect

New cards
19

withdrawal

discomfort, distress, and other physiological symptoms that result from stopping the use of a substance

New cards
20

depressants

Lower (depress) neural activity and slow body functions, E.g. alcohol, opiates (heroin, morphine, Oxycontin), barbiturates (tranquilizers)/benzodiazepines; Lead to relaxation, pleasure, sleepiness; Can be life-threatening: impacting our judgment, stopping breathing

New cards
21

barbituates

depressant drugs that have a sedative effect; tranquilizers, benzodiazephines

New cards
22

opiates

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin, oxycontin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

New cards
23

stimulants

Excite neural activity and speed up body functions; e.g Nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy (also a mild hallucinogen); they Increase energy, alertness, and self-confidence, decrease appetite, may produce euphoria; Side effects include depressive symptoms, health problems (including death), lifestyle changes due to addiction

New cards
24

nicotine

stimulants, that provides energy and relaxation

New cards
25

cocaine

gives energy and euphoria, CNS stimulant

New cards
26

amphetamines

CNS stimulant, energy, euphoria, enhanced attention

New cards
27

methamphetamine

CNS stimulant, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

New cards
28

Ectasy (MDMA)

energy, sensory distortions, feelings of connection; CNS stimulant that's also a mild hallucinogen

New cards
29

Hallucinogens

alter perceptions, thoughts, and feelings; including hallucinogens; also called psychedelics

New cards
30

LSD

(lysergic acid diethylamide, or acid); altered perceptions, sensory distortions

New cards
31

THC/marijuana

the major active ingredient in marijuana, triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations; used medicinally for decreasing chronic pain and nausea, with downsides (impaired perception/can lead to dependence)

New cards
32

approaches to understanding substance use disorders

biologic: genetics, impact on dopamine production

psychological: cope with stress/emotional symptoms; behavioral control

Social factors: lack f parenting, peer pressure, college (esp. alcohol)

New cards
33

depression

intense sadness and/or loss of interest in normally enjoyed activities; also involves pessimism, suicidal thoughts, low energy, sleep problems, appetite change...

New cards
34

major depressive disorder

involves feeling many different (depressive) symptoms for at least two weeks

New cards
35

bipolar disorder

Involves alternation between episodes of depression and episodes of mania

New cards
36

mania

a state of hyperactivity, extreme optimism, and euphoria (or irritability); can include poor judgement and risky behaviors; strongly linked to genetic factors

New cards
37

suicide

the intentional, direct, and conscious of taking one's own life; no single cause, is 5x more likely with depression

New cards
38

schizophrenia

involves a split from reality, and includes: Changes in perception and beliefs, Disorganized thinking and speech, Diminished or inappropriate emotional expression

New cards
39

psychosis

loss of contact with reality

New cards
40

positive symptms

behaviors or experiences not present in the general population (positive = additional); hallucinations and delusions

New cards
41

negative symptoms

the absence of typical behaviors or experiences (negative = subtracted); ex. flat affect (limited emotional expression) and impaired theory of mind

New cards
42

delusion

unusual or incorrect beliefs; can involve paranoia: feeling of being threatened or persecuted by others

New cards
43

hallucination

perceiving something that is not perceived by others; usually auditory, but it can involve other senses

New cards
44

approaches to understanding schizophreia

possibility of excess dopamine in certain brain areas, lower activity in frontal lobes; genetics; environmental - trauma, perinatal influences, etc.

New cards
45

psychotherapy

use of psychological techniques to help someone overcome difficulties and achieve goals. Includes many different techniques and theories

New cards
46

biomedical therapy

uses medications or other biomedical treatments to alleviate symptoms by acting directly on a person's physiology

New cards
47

psychoanalysis

Helping people to access unknown (and often unwanted) thoughts and feelings could relieve symptoms; Psychiatric symptoms are often related to conflicts between the ego, id, and superego; sessions may be multiple time per week for years

New cards
48

free assooication

encouraging client to say whatever comes to mind; provides access to important thoughts and feelings that are screened out or repressed (technique of psychoanalysis)

New cards
49

resistance

use of defense mechanisms to interfere with change; Can indicate sensitive but important topics and feelings (technique of psychoanalysis)

New cards
50

interpretation

used to understand patterns of behavior and the relationship between current problems and personal history

New cards
51

transference

projecting feelings toward significant others onto therapist

New cards
52

psychodynamic therapy

derived from Freudian psychoanalysis, that emphasizes understanding current symptoms by looking at themes across relationships; Goal is to explore and gain perspective on defended-against ("unacceptable") thoughts and feelings

New cards
53

insight therapies/humanistic therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to boost self-fulfillment by awareness and acceptance; responsibility for feelings and actions (more conscious driven) in the present and future rather than past

New cards
54

person-centered therapy

The more responsibility clients take for their own healing, the more effective therapy will be; nondirective therapist

New cards
55

active listening

echo, restate, and clarify what client is expressing

New cards
56

unconditional positive regard

acceptance; basic acceptance regardless of what the client says or does, helps client feel freer and more open to change

New cards
57

behavior therapy

applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors; pathological behaviors develop through the same laws of learning other behaviors (classical and operant conditioning, observational learning)

New cards
58

exposure therapies

Change responses by repeatedly exposing people to feared events; you gradually adapt and learn how to respond with less anxiety (like extinction in classical conditioning)

New cards
59

systematic desensitization

creating a hierarchy on anxiety provoking situations and start at the lowest, present item repeatedly until no longer elicits anxiety and then move to next item in hierarchy

New cards
60

progressive relaxation

Involves tensing and releasing various muscle groups and focusing on sensations of relaxation that follow

New cards
61

exposure and response prevention

expose to feared situation but prevent any maladaptive response; client notices that nothing bad happens and anxiety gradually disappears (especially with OCD)

New cards
62

behavioral activation

lack of rewarding behaviors leads to lack of rewards in life; patients schedule and complete rewarding behaviors, which improves mood; ues principles of operant conditioning

New cards
63

aversive conditioning

Associates unwanted behavior with painful and unpleasant stimuli to decrease likelihood of unwanted behaviors (uses principles of operant conditioning - punishment); used for drug use, overeating, smoking, etc.

New cards
64

cognitive therapy

help clients to recognize when their maladaptive thoughts are affecting their behavior and experience. They address and change their actions and thoughts that lead to changes in emotions (to more realistic)

New cards
65

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior); good for anxiety, PTSD, and depression

New cards
66

group therapy

a meeting with a group of clients that allows for seeing/changing interpersonal problems and interaction patterns in real time, receive feedback from group members

New cards
67

family therapy

Symptoms may be in an individual (identified patient), but the problem belongs to the group; changes family dynamics; opposes problem origination within the individual, rather dysfunctional family interactions/communication

New cards
68

dodo bird effect

A common finding that all therapy techniques are equally effective

New cards
69

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client; empathetic and caring relationship

New cards
70

antipsychotic drugs

reduces the intensity of symptoms (more effective with positive than negative symptoms)

New cards
71

Thorazine

first generation antipsychotics that was used to treat schizophrenia

New cards
72

side effects of antipsychotic drugs

parkinsonism (muscle tremors, shakiness, and immobility), tardive dyskinesia (involuntary ad rhythmic tongue movement); dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions in limbs and tongue), akathisia (motor restlessness); metabolic syndrome (obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, hypertension)

New cards
73

antianxiety drugs

anxiolytics; work by depressing the nervous system (so they are dangerous to use with alcohol); include Xanax, Ativan, Valium

New cards
74

mood stabilizers

treatment for bipolar disorder; Lithium and anticonvulsant drugs (Depakote, Lamictal) are used; antidepressants are used to deal with depressive symptoms, but they may exacerbate manic symptoms; side effects include weight gain, memory problems, poor concentration

New cards
75

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

used as a treatment for severe depression; today Uses general anesthetic and lower voltage (30-60V), in briefer pulses; memory loss for treatment period

New cards
76

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Used to treat depression; sends repeated magnetic impulses to specific parts of the brain; small antidepressant benefit

New cards
77

deep brain stimulation

Can be used to treat depression; Involves electrodes implanted in the brain that inhibit activity in that area; can improve mood

New cards
78

psychosurgery

Removes or destroys brain tissue to change symptoms; irreversible and rarely used today; microsurgery is used occasionally (in seizures and OCD)

New cards
79

lobotomy

Disconnected frontal lobes from rest of brain; common in mid-20th century; used to calm violent patients, but leaves people feeling listless, uncreative, motivates

New cards
80

preventing psychological disorders

systematic contributors (Poverty, Exploitative work conditions, Unemployment, Racism, Gender, discrimination); we can teach parenting skills to reduce childhood behavior disorders, Create a positive school climate to reduce bullying, Provide early education enrichment programs to increase literacy and education achievement

New cards
81

antidepressants

used to treat depression, occasionally in anxiety disorders; typically increase norepinephrine or serotonin avalability (SSRI); Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 16 people
Updated ... ago
4.5 Stars(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 36 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(3)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 8 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 29 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 6 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 8 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard222 terms
studied byStudied by 22 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard25 terms
studied byStudied by 6 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard218 terms
studied byStudied by 7 people
Updated ... ago
4.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard24 terms
studied byStudied by 11 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard54 terms
studied byStudied by 3 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard38 terms
studied byStudied by 98 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard50 terms
studied byStudied by 20 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard49 terms
studied byStudied by 14 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)