Patho Exam III

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Prerenal causes

before it kings to the kidney - hypovolemia, HF, cardiogenic shock, decreased perfusion

intrarenal causes

prolonged ischemia, nephrotoxic substances, obstruction in the kidney

Post renal causes

bilateral obstruction, bladder outlet obstruction

AKI s/s

E coli

Upper UTI

goes into the kidneys

Lower UTI

pyelonephritis is an example - whole tract

UTI s/s

UTI risk factors

mechanical obstruction (renal calculi, enlarged prostate), women with shorter tracts

Post infection glomerulonephritis

follows 7-12 days after UTI by infective agents, caused by immune antibody complex; oliguria, decreased GFR, proteinuria, hematuria, edema of hands and face

Oliguria

low output of urine

CRF stages

CRF

CRF causes

80%

amount of nephrons malfunctioning before symptoms in CRF

15

GFR < _ = renal failure

CRF labs

low GFR, high creatinine and bun, proteinuria, hematuria

CRF s/s

accumulation of waste, decreased output, electrolyte imbalance, mineral and skeletal disorders, anemia/coagulation disorders, HTN, Gi, neuro, skin integrity, immune functioning

CRF warning signs

fatigue, confusion, n/v, edema, metallic taste, dry/itchy skin, cramps

CRF risk factors

chronic insufficiency, dialysis, transplants

CRF complications

Hemodialysis

Peritoneal dialysis

through the abdomen - washes out

CRF diet modification

CRF in kids

Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis s/s

triad of fever, costovertebral pain, n/v; also report dysuria, frequency/hesitancy, lower abdominal pain, hematuria

Pyelonephritis risk factors

urinary obstruction, incomplete bladder emptying, frequent intercourse, STI exposure, pregnancy/hormonal changes

Atherosclerosis

plaque in arteries that hardens

Fatty streaks

Fibrous atheromatous plaques

Complicated lesion

contains hemorrhage, ulcerations, and scar tissue deposits

Atherosclerosis s/s

Atherosclerosis risk factors

Atherosclerosis complications

peripheral vascular disease, stroke, ischemic heart disease, MI, gangrene

HTN

sustained condition of elevated BP

BP

pressure exerted by blood on walls of BVs; damages epithelial tissue overtime

Primary HTN

Secondary HTN

disease is from another disease often hyperaldosteronism, cushing's disease, oral contraceptives, renal disease, pheochromocytoma

BP determination

determined by increased heart output, vascular resistance, vessel stretch, blood volume and viscosity

Elevated BP

Stage 1 HTN

Stage 2 HTN

HTN crisis

180+ or 120+

Heart HTN

hypertrophy

Kidney HTN

nephrosclerosis

Brain HTN

cognitive impairment and dementia

Eyes HTN

retinal complications, blurred vision

Vascular HTN

HTN crisis s/s

HTN modifiable risk factors

HTN nonmodifiable risk factors

family history, age, gender, ethnicity, DM