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aorta
a large arterial trunk that arises from the base of the left ventricle and channels blood from the heart into other arteries throughout the body
aortic valve
the semilunar valve between the left ventricle and the aorta that prevents blood from fl owing back into the left ventricle
atrioventricular (AV) valves
the two valves (tricuspid and mitral) situated between the atria and the ventriclesthe amount of blood pumped from the heart per minute
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped from the heart per minute
diastole
the period of relaxation in the heart when the chambers are fi lling with blood
endocardium
the innermost layer of the heart, which lines the interior of the heart chambers and covers the valves of the heart
epicardium
the outermost layer of the heart and the innermost layer of the pericardial sac
inferior vena cava
largest vein in the human body that returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart from body regions below the diaphragm
interatrial septum
the wall that separates the right and left atria in the heart
interventricular septum
thick wall that divides the two ventricles in the heart
mitral valve
the valve that closes the orifi ce between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart; bicuspid valve
myocardium
the middle layer of the heart, which makes up about 2/3 of the heart muscle
papillary muscle
one of the small muscular bundles attached at one end to the chordae tendineae and at the other to the innermost or endocardial wall of the ventricles; maintains tension on the chordae tendineae as the ventricle contracts
semilunar valves
valves situated at the opening between the heart and the aorta and at the opening between the heart and the pulmonary artery; they prevent backfl ow of blood into the ventricles
stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped from the heart per beat
superior vena cava
second largest vein in the body that returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body
systole
a period of contraction when the chambers are pumping blood out of the heart
tricuspid valve
the valve that closes the orifi ce between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart; composed of three cusps
vasoconstriction
narrowing of the blood vessels, which decreases blood fl ow
vasodilation
widening of the blood vessels, which increases blood fl ow
aortic arch
the curved portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending parts of the aorta
arteries
vessels that carry blood away from the heart
arterioles
microscopic arteries that connect with capillaries
brachial artery
the artery located at the fold of the elbow where the brachial pulse is detected
capillaries
small, thin-walled vessels where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs
capillary beds
network of intertwined vessels formed by multiple capillaries
carotid artery
the artery located on the side of the neck, where the carotid pulse is felt
coronary sinus
large venous channel between the left atrium and left ventricle on the posterior side of the heart that empties into the right atrium at the junction of the four chambers
ductus arteriosus
a short, broad vessel in the fetus that connects the left pulmonary artery with the descending aorta, allowing most of the blood to bypass the infant’s lungs
foramen ovale
opening in the septal wall between the atria; normally present only in the fetus
precapillary sphincter
a band of smooth muscle fi bers that encircles the capillaries at the arteriole- capillary junctions and controls blood fl ow to the tissues
pulmonary circulation
circulation of oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle, through the lungs, and returning to the left atrium with oxygen-rich blood
radial artery
the artery located on the thumb side of the wrist, where the radial pulse is detected
systemic circulation
circulation of oxygenated blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the circulatory system, from the left ventricle to the right atrium
tunica externa
the outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed mostly of fi brous connective tissue that supports and protects the vessel
tunica intima
the innermost layer of a blood vessel, composed of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells over a sheet of connective tissue; its smooth, frictionless surface allows blood to fl ow smoothly through the vessel
tunica media
the thicker middle layer of a blood vessel that contains smooth muscle cells, elastic fi bers, and collagen; its muscle cells are directed by the sympathetic nervous system to increase or decrease blood fl ow to tissues as needed
veins
vessels that carry blood to the heart
venules
the smallest veins; connect the capillaries with the larger systemic veins
vital signs
measurements of pulse and blood pressure
