Intro to Microbiology

Bacteria

• Cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by cell wall

• Cytoplasm contains only ribosomes and single double-stranded DNA

• Reproduce via binary fission

  (Domain)

Archae

• Prokaryotic and live in hostile environments (i.e. hot springs, high salt regions) and are not associated with disease

(Domain)

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

(3) Domains

Eubacteria, archaebacteria, plantae, animalia, fungi, protista

(6) Kingdoms

Eubacteria, archaebacteria

Kingdoms of Bacteria

fungi, protists, animals, plants

Domain Eukarya consists of (4) kingdoms

Plants

biggest biomass on the planet (plants / animals / bacteria)

None

Domain/kingdom of viruses

Acellular, living

Viruses are __ and lack cellular structure of __ organisms, thus are “dead”

Eubacteria

All human pathogens are (eubacteria / archaebacteria)

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, animals

Order of microorganism complexity (least to most)

Observed (documented), culture, inoculated, recovered

• Koch’s Postulates: For microorganisms to be grouped to specific disease…

  1. Microorganism must be __ in every case of the disease

  2. Microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure __

  3. Pure culture must reproduce the disease when __ in animal

  4. Microorganism must be __ from diseased animal

(Childbed Fever Study at Vienna General Hospital) Vienna Hospital study

Mothers delivering babies by physicians and medical students had a higher maternal mortality rate than the midwife unit, due to dissecting in lab and spreading disease (1850s)

Handwashing

In response to overwhelming mortality rate from physicians and students in Vienna Hospital, physicians began __ which significantly decreased infectious disease for delivering mothers

Genus

Group of closely related living things/species

Species

One group of organisms that can reproduce with each other and produce fertile offspring

Group, species

In Taxonomy, the __ name is 1st and __ name is 2nd

Ex: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Plasma membrane

Phospholipid bilayer found in all cells that regulate what enters and exits cell

Cell wall

Rigid outer layer from cell membrane that provides structural support and protection

nucleus, membrane, single, circular, peptidoglycan

Prokaryotic cells

• Domain bacteria and archaea

• Small (average 1-2 micrometers)

• No __ and no __-enclosed organelles

• __ and __ DNA chromosome

• May have cell wall in addition to cell membrane

  • Bacterial cell wall usually of __

70s

Ribosome subunit of prokaryotes

Nucleus, plant, animal, cellulose

Domain eukarya

• Larger (average 50 micrometers)

• Complex internal structure with __ (defining organelle) and other organelles

• __ cells have cell wall in addition to cell membrane, Not the case for __ cells

  • Plant cell wall usually of __ or other polysaccharides

80s

Ribosome subunit of eukarotes

Polysaccharide, flagella

Kingdom Bacteria

• May have __ capsule external to cell wall

• May have fimbriae or __ (organelle)

Eukaryotic, chitin

Kingdom fungi are composed of __ (eu vs pro) cells surrounded by a cell wall and contain the polysaccharide __

Ergosterol

Plasma membrane of fungal cells contains unusual lipid

Dead, photo, filaments

Fungi generally live on __ organic mater and are NOT __synthetic. They grow in long __

Yeasts

Single celled fungi

Mycelium

Multicellular fungi

Mitosis

Most yeast cells are larger than bacteria and reproduce by budding (fungi reproduction - mitosis vs meiosis)

Meiosis

Some fungi can exist as multicellular body with haploid genome (mitosis vs meiosis)

Eukaryotic, mitosis, species

Kingdom Parasites

• Diverse group of __ organisms

• Individual cells divide by __ and larger organisms have internal tissue and organic structure

• Some evolved to depend on one or more animal __ as hosts for complex life cycle

Protista kingdom

Single-celled parasites are classified under… (kingdom)

Animal kingdom

Multicellular worms (parasites) are classified under… (kingdom)

Particles, genetic

Viruses are NOT a cell - rather inert __ that contain __ information

Protein coat

__ __ of viruses encloses genetic material - DNA or RNA

Some

__ (some/all) virus particles are surrounded by lipid bilayer envelope

Obligate parasites

Viruses are __ __ that cannot reproduce independently

Prions

Misfolded proteins with no genetic material

Spongiform encephalopathies

Example of infectious prions