Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes

central place theory

To explain the hierarchal patterns in the number and size of other settlements.

block busting

Practiced for decades by real estate agents who would stir up concern that African american families would soon move into a neighborhood.

Red Lining

When a lending institution such as a bank refuses to offer home loans on the basis of a neighborhood’s racial or ethnic make up.

Green Belt

A ring of park land, agricultural land, or other type of open space maintained around an urban area to limit sprawl.

Transportation oriented development

The creation of dense walk-able pedestrian-oriented mixed-use communities centered around or located near a transit station

Walkability

Refers to how safe convenient, and efficient it is to walk in an urban environment.

Mixed Use Development

A single planned development designed to include multiple uses such as residential retail, educational, recreational, industrial, and office spaces

Ecological Footprint

A city’s impact on the environment expressed as the amount of land required to sustain its use of natural resources.

Zoning

The process of dividing a city or urban area into zones within which only land uses are permitted.

African City Models

Model incorporates aspects of earlier city models including, concentric rings and sectors radiating from the center. Both for which reflect the competition for accessible and affordable sites. 2 CBDs

Southeast Asian City Model

A model that shows growth around ports and that lack a clearly defined CBD. this model establishes that there are only 2 formal zones that remain constant, the port zone, and a zone of intensive market.

Squatter Settlement

Features temporary homes often made of metal scarps of sheeting.

Disamenity Zones

High poverty urban areas in disadvantages locations containing steep slopes, flood-prone ground, rail lines, landiflls, or industry.

Concentric Zone Model

Observes that a city grows outward from it’s CBD in a series of concentric rings. Most economical activity happens in center one. The second ring is adjacent to the CBD in the zone of transition and area of mixed land use, whole sale and light manufacturing, declining neighborhoods. Third zone is home to working class and offers the benefit of being located near the CBD and the zone of transition. The fourth ring includes higher value residents, largely for the middle class like homes and apartments. fifth zone is commute zone. More expensive family detached housing and more spacious suburban settings with the lowest pop. density.

Hoyt Sector Model

Illustrates that as Cities develop wedge shaped sectors and divisions emanate from the CBD and emerge generally along transit routes.

Multi Nuclei Model

Observed that most large U.S cities don’t grow in ring or sectors, but are formed by the progressive integration of multiple focal points of a functional region, or nodes.

Galactic City Model

Explains that cities have a traditional downtown and lose coalitions of other urban areas. This model helps explain what occurred in metropolitan areas that became decentralized and formed suburbs after automobile use became more widespread.

Latin American City model

shares some similarities with the concentric zone model and sector model . The traditional center market shares the CBD with a modern business center plus important religious and governmental buildings.

metacity

A metropolitan area with 20 million or more people in it.

infill

redevelopment that identifies and development vacant parceles of land within previously built areas

Exurb

A typically fast growing community outside of a metropolitan area where the residents and community are closely connected to the central city and suburbs

Boomburb

A suburb that has grown rapidly into a city with more than 100,00 residents

Edge City

A type of community located on the outskirts of a city

Urban Sprawl

Expands in an unplanned and uncontrolled way covering large expanses of land and housing commercial development and roads

Urban Area

A city and it’s surrounding suburbs

metropolitan area

Includes a city and it’s surrounding areas that are influenced culturally and culturally by the city.

threshold

the minimum number of people required to support a business

range

the maximum distance that people are willing to travel to gain access to a service

agglomeration

exists when similar business activities are found in a local cluster

resource nodes

towns and cities that were founded due to access to natural resources

suburbanization

the growth and spatial reorganization of contemporary city

suburban sprawl

the expansion of housing, transportation, and commercial development to undeveloped land on the urban periphery

counterurbanization

the movement of inner-city or suburban residents to rural areas to escape the congestion, crime, pollution, and other negative aspects of the urban landscape

fall-line cities

the ports that lay upstream on coastal rivers at the point where navigation was no longer possible by ocean-going ships

fall-line

where a river’s tidal estuary transitions to an upland stream at the first set of river falls

megacity

a metropolitan area with more than 10 million people

megalopolis

the merging of the urbanized areas of two or more cities, generally through suburban growth and expansion

world city

signifies a metropolitan area as a global center for finance, trade, and commerce

primate city

when the largest city in a country has at least twice the population of the country’s next largest city

rank-size rule

a country’s second largest city is half the size of its largest city; the third-largest city is one-third the size of the largest city; and so on, such that the eighth largest city is one-eighth the size of the largest city

de facto segregation

where no law requiring ethnic or racial segregation exists, yet they nonetheless remain zones of separation

restrictive covenants

means of racial discrimination through the real estate system

gentrification

the economic reinvestment in existing real estate

brownfield

abandoned and polluted industrial sites in central cities and suburbs