ETHICS UTILITARIANISM

What does Utilitarianism focus on?

It focuses on the consequences or results of actions, not intentions.

Who founded modern Utilitarianism?

Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill in the 18th century.

What is the philosophical goal or “final end” of Utilitarianism?

To produce happiness or pleasure, which is considered the ultimate goal of human action.

Why is Utilitarianism called a hedonistic theory?

Because it identifies the good with pleasure — we should seek happiness and avoid pain.

Is Utilitarianism self-centered?

No. It is other-regarding — it seeks to maximize happiness for as many beings as possible, not just oneself.

What is the formal statement of the Principle of Utility?

“We should act always so as to produce the greatest good for the greatest number.”

Why is Utilitarianism considered demanding?

Because it can require sacrificing your own pleasure for the greater good.

What does equality of interests mean in Utilitarianism?

Everyone’s happiness counts equally — your pleasure is not more important than anyone else’s.

How should moral decisions be made according to Utilitarians?

From the viewpoint of a benevolent, disinterested spectator, who judges impartially for the group’s benefit.

What does Utilitarianism say about inaction?

If you can prevent harm but choose not to, you are still morally responsible — your “hands are dirty” too.

What does Act Utilitarianism focus on?

Choosing the single action that produces the greatest good for the greatest number.

What is the main problem with Act Utilitarianism?

It can justify immoral acts if they maximize utility — e.g., killing one person to save five others.

What does Rule Utilitarianism emphasize?

Following general moral rules that, in the long run, lead to the greatest good for the greatest number.

How does Rule Utilitarianism differ from Act Utilitarianism?

Rule Utilitarianism has a long-term focus — it values stable, trust-based societies over short-term gains.

Give an example that shows the difference between Act and Rule Utilitarianism.

Act: Killing one to save five may seem right.
Rule: A rule against killing increases trust and happiness long-term, so killing is wrong overall.