AP Art History 250 pieces (essentials)

3 identifiers - 2 visual characteristics - 2 contextual evidences - Authors - Styles & art movements

Camelid Sacrum in the shape of a canine

2 identifiers: Tequixquiac, Central Mexico / Bone sculpture from a camel-like animal

2 visual characteristic: Carved bone to look like a canine, from one shape to another

2 contextual elements: Second skull: A Mesoamerican idea / sacrum bone symbolizes the soul in some cultures

Techniques: Carving

Anthropomorphic Stele

2 identifiers: Arabian Peninsula / Sandstone

2 visual characteristic: characteristics of the human form but not entirely human / belted robe with a hanging double knife

2 contextual elements: Stele is an upright stone used to mark a grave / one of the earliest known works of art from Arabia.

Jade Cong

2 identifiers: Liangzhu, China / carved jade

2 visual characteristic: Abstract designs; the main decoration is a face pattern (spirits or deities) / circular hole is placed within a square

2 contextual elements: Jade religious objects are of various sizes and found in tombs, interred with the dead in elaborate rituals / Jades appear in burials of people of high rank

Techniques: The designs on congs may have been produced by rubbing sand

The Ambum Ston

2 identifiers: Ambum Valley, Enga Province, Papua New Guinea / graywacke

2 visual characteristic: Composite human/animal figure (anteater and human body) /

2 contextual elements: Damaged in 2000 when it was on loan in France; it was dropped and smashed into three pieces and many shards; it has since been restored / Stone Age work; artists used stone to carve stone

Techniques: Carving

Tlatico Female Figurine

2 identifiers: Central Mexico, site of Tlatilco / ceramic

2 visual characteristic: Flipper-like arms, huge thighs, pronounced hips, narrow waists / Diminished role of hands and feet.

2 contextual elements: Bifacial images and congenital defects may express duality / Found in graves, and may have had a funerary context.

Techniques: Diminished role of hands and feet.

Terracotta Fragment

2 identifiers: Lapita, Reef Islands, Solomon Islands / incised terra cotta

2 visual characteristic: use of curved stamped patterns: dots, circles, hatching / One of the oldest human faces in Oceanic art

2 contextual elements: Lapita culture of the Solomon Islands is known for pottery / Some designs found on the pottery are used in modern Polynesian tattoos and tapas

Techniques: comb-like tool to stamp designs onto the clay, known as dentate stamping

Apollo 11 stones

2 identifiers: charcoal on stone / Preserved in State Museum of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia

2 visual characteristic: Animal seen in profile / Perhaps a composite animal

2 contextual elements: Several stone fragments found / Originally brought to the site from elsewhere

Great Hall of the Bulls

2 identifiers: Paleolithic Europe / rock painting,

2 visual characteristic: Bodies seen in profile / Twisted perspective: many horns appear more frontal than the bodies

2 contextual elements: Animals placed deep inside cave—some hundreds of feet from the entrance / Evidence still visible of scaffolding erected to get to higher areas of the caves

Techniques: May have used mats of moss or hair as brushes

Running Horned Woman

2 identifiers: pigment on rock / Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria

2 visual characteristic: Composite view of the body / suggests attendance at a ritual ceremony

2 contextual elements: More than 15,000 drawings and engravings were found at this site / The entire site was probably painted by many different groups over large expanses of time

Beaker with Ibex Motifs

2 identifiers: Susa, Iran / Painted terra cotta

2 visual characteristic: Geometric patterns and stylized ibex figures / a schematic, nonrealistic manner of representing the visible world

2 contextual elements: Used in burial rituals or as a display of wealth / Found with hundreds of baskets, bowls, and metallic items

Stonehenge

2 identifiers: sandstone, Neolithic Europe / Wiltshire, United Kingdom

2 visual characteristic: Circular arrangement of stones / Post-and-lintel construction

2 contextual elements: Aligns with summer solstice sunrise and winter solstice sunset / Believed to have been a ceremonial site or astronomical observatory.

White Temple and it Ziggurat

2 identifiers: mud brick / Found in Uruk (modern Warka), Iraq

2 visual characteristic: Buttresses spaced across the surface to create a contrasting light-and-shadow pattern / Bent-axis plan: ascending the stairs requires angular changes of direction to reach the temple

2 contextual elements: Large settlement at Uruk of 40,000, based on agriculture and specialized labor / Ziggurat sited within the city

State of Votive Figures

2 identifiers: shell and black limestone / Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq)

2 visual characteristic: Carved figures with large eyes and exaggerated proportions / Displayed in various postures to convey devotion and supplication.

2 contextual elements: Used in religious rituals and as offerings to deities / Represents the worshippers' presence and devotion within the temple.

Standard of Ur

2 identifiers: wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red ­limestone / Royal Tombs at Ur (modern Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq)

2 visual characteristic: Depicts war and peace scenes through narrative imagery / Shows hierarchical scale to indicate importance of figures.

2 contextual elements: Used in funerary context within royal tombs / Reflects social structure and values of Sumerian civilization.

Code of Hammurabi

2 identifiers: basalt / Louvre, Paris

2 visual characteristic: Carved relief with cuneiform inscriptions / Tall stele inscribed with laws outlining justice and social order.

2 contextual elements: Developed to unify and govern the diverse population of Babylon / Represents one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes in history.

Lamassu

2 identifiers: alabaster / Louvre, Paris

2 visual characteristic: Carved anthropomorphic figures with wings and lion or bull bodies / Symbolizes protection and guardianship at entrances.

2 contextual elements: Used to guard important structures and palaces / Reflects Mesopotamian beliefs in divine protection and the significance of the king.

Apadana of Darius and Xerxes

2 identifiers: limestone / Persepolis, Iran

2 visual characteristic: Columned hall with monumental scale / Decorated with reliefs depicting tribute and processions.

2 contextual elements: Constructed as a ceremonial space for receptions and gatherings / The immortals, the king's guard, originally painted and adorned with metal accessories, were carved into the stairs

Palette of King Narmer

2 identifiers: graywacke / Egyptian Museum, Cairo

2 visual characteristic: Incised relief sculpture with a central circular depression / Depicts the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, showing Narmer celebrating victory.

2 contextual elements: Used for grinding and mixing cosmetics / Reflects the political unification and artistic conventions of Early Dynastic Egypt.

Seated Scribe

2 identifiers: limestone / Louvre, Paris

2 visual characteristic: Carved figure of a seated man with realistic facial features / Portrayed with a papyrus scroll and a stylus, representing knowledge and literacy.

2 contextual elements: Used in tombs to serve the deceased in the afterlife / Reflects the value placed on literacy and record-keeping in ancient Egypt.

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, and Khufu)

2 identifiers: Giza, Egypt / limestone

2 visual characteristic: Massive structures with precisely aligned sides / They feature a combination of smooth casing stones and a stepped core.

2 contextual elements: Constructed as royal tombs for pharaohs / Symbolize the power and religious significance of the pharaohs in ancient Egyptian society.

Great Sphinx

2 identifiers: limestone / Giza, Egypt

2 visual characteristic: Carved relief sculpture with a lion's body and a human head / Largest monolithic statue in the world, symbolizing strength and protection.

2 contextual elements: Constructed using ancient Egyptian stoneworking techniques / Represents the blending of human intellect with the power of the animal kingdom in pharaonic culture.

Techniques:

King Menkaura and Queen

2 identifiers: graywacke / Old Kingdom, 4th Dynasty

2 visual characteristic: Portrayed as an idealized couple standing closely together / Exhibits detailed carving and careful attention to proportions.

2 contextual elements: This sculpture reflects the significance of royal authority and unity in ancient Egypt's society / It was likely intended to serve as a funerary object to ensure their presence in the afterlife.

Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall

2 identifiers: sandstone and mud brick / Karnak, near Luxor, Egypt

2 visual characteristic: Massive colonnaded hall with a forest of columns / Highly decorated with relief carvings and hieroglyphs.

2 contextual elements: Built to honor the sun god Amun-Re / Served as a center for worship and pilgrimage in ancient Egyptian religion.

Techniques:

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

2 identifiers: sandstone partly carved into a rock cliff / near Luxor, Egypt

2 visual characteristic: Portrayed with terraces and colonnades / Features intricate reliefs that celebrate Hatshepsut's achievements and divine birth.

2 contextual elements: Constructed to honor Hatshepsut, the first female pharaoh of Egypt / It served as a center for funerary rituals and a tribute to the goddess Amun.

Techniques:

Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut

2 identifiers: red granite / 1473–1458 B.C.E.

2 visual characteristic: Statue captures Hatshepsut kneeling in prayer, wearing a nemes headdress / Exhibits a powerful and authoritative presence with detailed facial features.

2 contextual elements: This statue was created to honor Hatshepsut as a powerful female ruler in ancient Egypt / It served as a representation of her devotion to the gods and her legitimacy as pharaoh.

Techniques:

Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three Daughters

2 identifiers: limestone / New Kingdom (Amarna) 18th Dynasty

2 visual characteristic: Smoother, curved surfaces / Low-hanging bellies.

2 contextual elements: Akhenaton and Nefertiti are having a private relationship with their new god, Aton / After Akhenaton’s reign, the Amarna style was slowly replaced by more traditional Egyptian representations

Techniques: Sunken relief, which is less likely to be damaged than raised relief

Innermost Coffin of King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

2 identifiers: gold with an inlay of enamel and semi-precious stones / New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty

2 visual characteristic: Elaborate decoration with hieroglyphs and iconic motifs / Highly reflective surface enhancing its opulence.

2 contextual elements: The innermost coffin was created to house the remains of King Tutankhamun and protect them in the afterlife / It reflects the wealth and artistic skill of the New Kingdom, signifying the importance of funerary practices.

Last Judgement of Hunefer

2 identifiers: painted papyrus scroll / 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom

2 visual characteristic: Narrative on a uniform register (read right to left)

2 contextual elements: Depicts the weighing of the heart against a feather for the afterlife judgment / Features vivid colors and detailed figures representing gods and the deceased.

Anavysos Kouros

2 identifiers: marble statue / Archaic period in Greece

2 visual characteristic: Stylized hair, idealized proportions / Stance with one foot forward showing motion.

2 contextual elements: Represents a young man, possibly a grave marker / Reflects the evolution of human representation in early Greek art.

Peplos Kore

2 identifiers: marble statue / Archaic period in Greece

2 visual characteristic: Draped garment that emphasizes the body shape / Small smile suggesting vitality.

2 contextual elements: Represents a maiden, possibly a goddess or a votive offering / Displays the idealization of female beauty in

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

2 identifiers: Roman copy of a Greek original / Classical period in Greece

2 visual characteristic: Contrapposto stance, idealized male form / Detailed musculature showing movement.

2 contextual elements: Represents the ideal human form based on mathematical proportions / Emphasizes the value of physical beauty and athleticism in Ancient Greece.

Helios, Horses, and Dionysus (Heracles?)

2 identifiers: marble relief / Classical period in Greece

2 visual characteristic: Dynamic composition with flowing drapery / Expressive faces showing interaction.

2 contextual elements: Represents the Greek god Helios and associates with the myth of Heracles / Reflects the importance of mythology and narrative in Classical art.

Plaque of the Ergastines

2 identifiers: Parthenon frieze relief / Classical period in Greece

2 visual characteristic: Drapery depicting figures in motion / Use of shallow relief to create depth.

2 contextual elements: Represents the Panathenaic procession honoring Athena / Highlights civic pride and religious devotion in Ancient Athens.

Victory Adjusting her Sandal

2 identifiers: Greek marble relief / Classical period in Greece

2 visual characteristic: Depicts Nike, the goddess of victory / Emphasizes movement with intricate folds of drapery.

2 contextual elements: Represents the theme of victory and triumph in Greek culture / Reflects the significance of athletic contests and victories in public life.

Grave Stele of Hegeso

2 identifiers: Greek marble sculpture / Classical period in Greece

2 visual characteristic: Depicts a seated woman with an elaborate garment / Incorporates drapery to enhance realism.

2 contextual elements: Represents female virtue and domesticity in Ancient Greece / Commemorates the deceased Hegeso and reflects funerary practices.

Winged Victory of Samothrace

2 identifiers: Hellenistic marble sculpture / Late 2nd century BC

2 visual characteristic: Depicts Nike as a dynamic figure celebrating victory / Features dramatic pose and flowing drapery that suggest movement.

2 contextual elements: Represents naval victory and the celebration of triumph in Hellenistic culture / An iconic symbol of victory and a monument to commemorate a specific event.

Athena, from the Great Altar of Zeus and Athena Pergamon

2 identifiers: Hellenistic marble relief / 2nd century BC

2 visual characteristic: Depicts a battle between gods and giants / Richly detailed and expressive figures convey emotion.

2 contextual elements: Represents the struggle between order and chaos in mythology / Reflects the political power and artistic achievements of the Hellenistic period.

Seated Boxer

2 identifiers: Hellenistic bronze sculpture / 3rd century BC

2 visual characteristic: Depicts a defeated athlete with a somber expression / Features realistic anatomical details and intricate textures.

2 contextual elements: Represents the theme of struggle and perseverance in athletic competition / Reflects the cultural appreciation for sporting events in ancient Greece.

Athenian Agora

2 identifiers: Athens, Greece / Archaic through Hellenistic Greek

2 visual characteristic: Public space for civic life / Center of political, religious, and social activities in ancient Athens.

2 contextual elements: Served as a marketplace and meeting place for citizens / Important site for the development of democratic governance in Athens.

Parthenon

2 identifiers: Classical Greek temple dedicated to Athena / 5th century BC

2 visual characteristic: Features a large statue of Athena Parthenos and Doric columns / Exemplifies balanced proportions and intricate sculptural decoration.

2 contextual elements: Symbolizes the height of Athenian democracy and cultural achievement / Reflects religious devotion and civic pride in ancient Athens.

Temple of Athena Nike

2 identifiers: Small Ionic temple in Athens / 5th century BC

2 visual characteristic: Features elegant proportions and decorative reliefs / Known for its friezes depicting historical battles.

2 contextual elements: Celebrates Athenian victory and power / Represents devotion to Athena as a symbol of warfare and victory.

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon

2 identifiers: marble / rom Asia Minor (present-day Turkey) Hellenistic Greece

2 visual characteristic: Elaborate sculptures and reliefs / Vast staircase flanked by dramatic friezes depicting gods and giants.

2 contextual elements: Utilized high relief and dynamic compositions / Served as a monumental expression of Hellenistic art and culture.

Niobides Krater

2 identifiers: Attribution to the Niobid Painter / Red-figure pottery from the 5th century BC

2 visual characteristic: Depicts vivid scenes of Niobe's children being slain / Features intricate detailing and contrasting colors.

2 contextual elements: Represents themes of tragedy and divine retribution / Reflects the influence of mythology on Greek art.

Techniques:

Alexander Mosaic

2 identifiers: Depicts the battle of Issus / Hellenistic floor mosaic from the early 3rd century BC

2 visual characteristic: Features dynamic movement and intricate details / Employs chiaroscuro to create depth and realism.

2 contextual elements: Symbolizes the prowess of Alexander the Great and his military achievements / Represents the blending of cultures during the Hellenistic period.

Temple of Minerva

2 identifiers: mud brick or tufa (volcanic rock) and wood / Made of wood and mud brick

2 visual characteristic: Features a typical Etruscan temple plan with a central cella and raised platform / Characterized by a deep porch and decorative terracotta sculptures.

2 contextual elements: Served as a religious center for Etruscan worship and influenced later Roman temple architecture / Demonstrates the connection between Etruscan and Roman art forms.

Tomb of the Triclinium

2 identifiers: Etruscan wall tomb from the late 6th century BC / Located in Tarquinia, Italy

2 visual characteristic: Depicts banquet scenes with lively figures / Features vibrant colors and unique ceiling painting.

2 contextual elements: Highlights the importance of funerary rituals in Etruscan culture / Reflects social practices and attitudes towards death in ancient Etruria.

Sarcophagus of the Spouses

2 identifiers: terra cotta / 520 BCE

2 visual characteristic: Features reclining figures on the lid and express emotion through gestures / Showcases intricate detailing and naturalistic forms.

2 contextual elements: Highlights the role of women in Etruscan society / Represents the Etruscan funerary practices and beliefs about the afterlife.

Apollo from Veii

2 identifiers: terracotta / 510-500 BCE

2 visual characteristic: Rigid stance with flowing drapery, dynamic posture / Represents the influence of Greek art on Etruscan sculpture; may have been a votive offering for a temple.

2 contextual elements: Demonstrates the use of terracotta in Etruscan art / Reflects the religious beliefs and practices of the Etruscans, possibly depicting a deity or mythological figure.

House of Vettii

2 identifiers: Roman house from the 1st century CE / Located in Pompeii

2 visual characteristic: Open atrium with central impluvium, frescoes depicting mythological themes / Layout reflects Roman domestic architecture and social status.

2 contextual elements: Offers insight into the daily life of wealthy Romans / Demonstrates the impact of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius on Roman urban life.

The Colosseum (Flavia Amphitheater)

2 identifiers: stone and concrete / Rome

2 visual characteristic: Amphitheater in Rome, completed in 80 CE / Largest ancient arena, built with concrete and stone.

2 contextual elements: Features an elliptical shape, tiers of seating for spectators / Used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles, reflecting social and political life in ancient Rome.

Techniques:

Treasury and Great Temple of Petra, Jordan

2 identifiers: cut stone / 1st century BCE

2 visual characteristic: Carved facade with intricate sculptures, simple yet monumental design / Monuments carved in traditional Nabataean rock-cut cliff walls.

2 contextual elements: Demonstrates the wealth and power of the Nabataean people / Serves as a tomb and possibly a temple, reflecting religious practices and burial customs.

Forum of Trajan

2 identifiers: brick and concrete / Rome, Italy

2 visual characteristic: features a massive column and marble decorations, functional layout of shops and markets / showcases impressive architectural innovation and urban planning in ancient Rome.

2 contextual elements: serves as a symbol of Trajan's military victories and his contributions to Roman society / reflects the political and social dynamics of the early Roman Empire.

Basilica of Ulpia

2 identifiers: built of brick and concrete / 2nd century CE

2 visual characteristic: Features a grand central nave, flanked by aisles and adorned with Corinthian columns / Served as a civic center for the Roman public, showcasing Roman architectural innovation and urban planning.

2 contextual elements: Originally part of the Forum of Trajan, exemplifying the advanced techniques of Roman construction and public architecture / housed important civic and administrative functions.

Trajan Markets

2 identifiers: constructed of brick and concrete / early 2nd century CE

2 visual characteristic: Multi-level shopping complex with central street / Early example of advanced Roman urban planning and commercial architecture.

2 contextual elements: Demonstrates the integration of commerce and public space in ancient Rome / Reflects the economic and social vitality of the period.

Pantheon

2 identifiers: concrete with stone facing / Rome, Italy

2 visual characteristic: Rotunda with a domed ceiling and oculus / Adaptation of classical temple design and innovative use of space.

2 contextual elements: Influenced Renaissance architecture and later buildings / Functioned as a temple for all Roman gods, later converted to a church.

Pentheus Room

2 identifiers: mosaic decoration / Pompeii

2 visual characteristic: features vivid scenes from mythology, particularly the story of Pentheus / provides insight into Roman domestic art and the cultural values of the time.

2 contextual elements: The mosaic was created using the opus tessellatum technique, which involved assembling small colored tiles / Illustrates the merging of art and daily life in Roman residences.

Head of Roman Patrician

2 identifiers: veristic marble portrait sculpture / 1st century BCE

2 visual characteristic: realistic portrayal of age and wisdom / emphasizes the value placed on experience in Roman society.

2 contextual elements: serves as a status symbol for the elite class in ancient Rome / reflects the political climate and social hierarchies of the period.

Augustus of Prima Porta

2 identifiers: marble statue of Emperor Augustus / early 1st century CE

2 visual characteristic: idealized representation of the emperor with military attire / incorporates classical contrapposto stance and symbolism of power.

2 contextual elements: serves as political propaganda showcasing Augustus's leadership and divine ancestry / reflects the transition from Republic to Empire in ancient Rome.

Colum of Trajan

2 identifiers: Marble / Rome

2 visual characteristic: features intricate reliefs depicting military campaigns / serves as an example of Roman narrative art and architecture.

2 contextual elements: celebrates Trajan's victories in the Dacian Wars / illustrates the relationship between military success and imperial propaganda.

Ludovisi Battle of Sarcophagus

2 identifiers: marble sarcophagus depicting a chaotic battle scene / 2nd century CE

2 visual characteristic: features dynamic poses and deep carvings to convey action and emotion / emphasizes the drama and heroism of battle.

2 contextual elements: serves as a funerary monument reflecting elite values in Roman society / symbolizes the themes of victory and conflict in the context of Roman identity.

Catacomb of Priscila

2 identifiers: excavated tufa and fresco / Rome, Italy

2 visual characteristic: features frescoes and sculptures illustrating biblical scenes / contains intricate burial niches and catacombs.

2 contextual elements: serves as an important site for early Christian worship and funerary practices / reflects the underground nature of early Christian communities under Roman persecution.

Santa Sabina

2 identifiers: brick, stone, and wooden roof / Rome, Italy

2 visual characteristics: features a wooden coffered ceiling and large clerestory windows / exhibits a spacious nave and simple facade.

2 contextual elements: serves as an early example of basilica architecture in Christian worship / represents the transition from Roman architectural styles to early Christian design.

Hagia Sophia

2 identifiers: rick and mortar construction / located in Istanbul, Turkey

2 visual characteristic: features a massive dome and extensive use of mosaics; incorporates a centrally planned layout

2 contextual elements: serves as a former cathedral and mosque, now a museum; symbolizes the architectural ingenuity of Byzantine culture.

San Vitale

2 identifiers: mosaic and brick construction / located in Ravenna, Italy

2 visual characteristic: eatures intricate mosaics and an octagonal plan / showcases vibrant colors and decorative patterns

2 contextual elements: serves as an important example of Byzantine art and architecture / reflects the religious significance of the period and was dedicated to Saint Vitalis.

Justinian Panel

2 identifiers: mosaic and fresco techniques / located in San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy

2 visual characteristic: features an imperial figure surrounded by soldiers and clergy; displays rich color and detail

2 contextual elements: serves as a representation of Emperor Justinian's authority in the Byzantine Empire; reinforces the connection between church and state.

Theodora Panel

2 identifiers: mosaic and fresco techniques / located in San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy

2 visual characteristics: features an empress figure accompanied by attendants; showcases vibrant colors and intricate patterns

2 contextual elements: serves to highlight Empress Theodora's role in the Byzantine court; symbolizes the power and influence of women in Byzantine society.

Techniques:

Vienna Genesis

2 identifiers: illuminated manuscript and vellum / created in the early 6th century

2 visual characteristic: features rich illustrations and elegant script / showcases a narrative style with scenes from the Bible

2 contextual elements: serves as an important example of early Christian art; reflects the transition from classical to Byzantine styles.

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child Between Saints Theordore and George

2 identifiers: icon and mosaic / located in Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey

2 visual characteristic: features a centralized composition and divine light surrounding the figures; displays a gold background and rich color palette

2 contextual elements: serves as a crucial representation of Marian devotion in Byzantine art; emphasizes the saints' intercession and the veneration of the Virgin Mary.

Merovingian Looped Fibulae

2 identifiers: metalwork and brooch / created in the 6th century

2 visual characteristic: features intricate spiral designs and zoomorphic motifs; showcases craftsmanship and ornamental detail.

2 contextual elements: used as a decorative accessory in Merovingian society; reflects shifts in status and identity among the elite.

Lindisfarne Gospels

2 identifiers: illuminated manuscript, ink, pigments, and gold on vellum / Early Medieval Europe

2 visual characteristic: illuminated manuscript and gospel book / features intricate illustrations and ornate lettering; showcases a blend of Insular and Byzantine styles

2 contextual elements: Latin script is called half-uncial / English script called Anglo-Saxon minuscule, which was added 970 CE

Techniques:

Church Sainte-Foy

2 identifiers: Romanesque church and pilgrimage site / located in Conques, France

2 visual characteristic: features a cruciform plan and rounded arches / adorned with sculptural reliefs and vibrant frescoes.

2 contextual elements: serves as a significant stop on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela / reflects the religious fervor of the Romanesque period.

Last Judgement

2 identifiers: stone and paint / Sainte - Foy, Conques

2 visual characteristic: depiction of Christ's second coming, apocalyptic imagery / features a divided composition with saved on one side and damned on the other

2 contextual elements: showcases dramatic poses and intricate details / serves as a reminder of moral and ethical behavior; reflects medieval beliefs about the afterlife and divine judgment.

Techniques:

Reliquary of Sainte-Foy

2 identifiers: gold, silver, and gemstones / Sainte-Foy, Conques

2 visual characteristic: features intricate craftsmanship and a golden exterior adorned with precious stones / often contains the relics of Saint Foy, showcasing the importance of relics in medieval worship.

2 contextual elements: reflects the significance of pilgrimage in medieval society / serves as a testament to the wealth and artistic skill of the time.

the Bayeux Tapestry

2 identifiers: embroidery on linen / depicts the Norman Conquest of England in 1066

2 visual characteristic: features continuous narrative and vibrant colors / includes detailed scenes of battle and daily life

2 contextual elements: highlights the propaganda aspects of art / reflects the importance of storytelling in commemorating historical events.

Chartres Cathedral

2 identifiers: Chartres, France / limestone and stained glass

2 visual characteristic: limestone and stained glass / Gothic architecture

2 contextual elements: highly elaborate sculptures and intricate facade / houses the relic of the Virgin Mary's tunic, an important pilgrimage site.

Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere

2 identifiers: Chartres Cathedral, France / stained glass window

2 visual characteristic: features vivid colors and intricate designs / exemplifies the artistry of Gothic stained glass craftsmanship.

2 contextual elements: utilizes leaded glass and complex layering / represents the importance of light and spirituality in Gothic cathedrals.

Scenes from the Apocalypse

2 identifiers: a series of 15th-century / illuminated manuscripts

2 visual characteristic: features vibrant colors and detailed illustrations / includes depictions of angels, demons, and apocalyptic visions.

2 contextual elements: reflects medieval beliefs about the end of the world / emphasizes the significance of religious storytelling in art.

Golden Haggadah

2 identifiers: a 14th-century illuminated manuscript / originated in Spain

2 visual characteristic: features gold leaf and vibrant illustrations / showcases intricate decorative elements

2 contextual elements: reflects Jewish traditions and rituals during Passover / emphasizes the importance of storytelling in Jewish culture.

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel

2 identifiers: a chapel in Padua, Italy / contains frescoes by Giotto

2 visual characteristic: features detailed narratives and vibrant colors / exemplifies early 14th-century art techniques

2 contextual elements: reflects the patronage of Enrico Scrovegni / signifies the importance of religious themes in art.

Last Judgement from the Arena Chapel

2 identifiers: a fresco by Giotto / depicts the final judgement of souls

2 visual characteristic: features dramatic figures and expressive poses / utilizes spatial depth and color contrast

2 contextual elements: reflects medieval Christian beliefs about salvation / emphasizes the role of judgment in the afterlife.

Lamentation from the Arena Chapel

2 identifiers: a fresco / Padua, Italy

Author: Giotto

2 visual characteristic: features expressive figures and emotional gestures / utilizes light and shadow to create depth

2 contextual elements: reflects the sorrow of Christ's death / emphasizes human emotion in religious narratives.

Annunciation Triptych

2 identifiers: oil on wood / 1427–1432

Author: Robert Campin

2 visual characteristic: features intricate detail and oil painting techniques / employs a domestic setting to convey intimacy

2 contextual elements: reflects the importance of the Virgin Mary in Christianity / showcases the role of the patron in commissioning devotional art.

Techniques:

Arnolfini Portrait

2 identifiers: Oil on wood / 1434

Author: Jan van Eyck

2 visual characteristic: features meticulous detail and symbolism / utilizes oil paint for rich colors

2 contextual elements: reflects marriage customs of the time / emphasizes the importance of domestic life.

Techniques:

Adam and Eve

2 identifiers: oil on panel / 1507

Author: Albrecht Dürer

2 visual characteristic: features idealized human forms and intricate detail / employs realistic proportions

2 contextual elements: reflects the themes of temptation and sin in Christianity / showcases the influence of classical art on Renaissance humanism.

Allegory of Law and Grace

2 identifiers: wood panel / 1530

Author: Lucas Cranach the Elder

2 visual characteristic: features contrasting scenes of salvation and damnation / employs vibrant colors and dynamic composition

2 contextual elements: reflects Reformation beliefs about faith and grace / showcases the influence of humanist thought on religious art.

Hunters in the Snow

2 identifiers: oil on wood / 1565

Author: Pieter Bruegel the Elder

2 visual characteristics: features a winter landscape and details of daily life / utilizes atmospheric perspective

2 contextual elements: reflects the seasonal changes in rural life / illustrates the human relationship with nature.

Pazzi Chapel

2 identifiers: stone and masonry / 1443

Author: Filippo Brunelleschi

features a harmonious central plan and geometric symmetry / utilizes clear light and shadow

reflects Renaissance ideals of balance and proportion / serves as a symbol of the Medici family's influence in Florence.

2 visual characteristic:

2 contextual elements:

Techniques:

Birth of Venus

2 identifiers: tempera on canvas / 1484-1486

Author: Sandro Botticelli

2 visual characteristic: features a mythological theme and idealized figures / showcases flowing lines and light colors

2 contextual elements: reflects Renaissance revival of classical themes / embodies the transition from medieval to modern aesthetics

Tempera and oil painting techniques.

The Last Supper

2 identifiers: tempera and oil on plaster / 1495-1498

Author: Leonardo da Vinci

2 visual characteristics: features dramatic perspective and expressive figures / utilizes chiaroscuro and linear perspective

2 contextual elements: reflects the scene of the Last Supper of Jesus and his disciples / represents the synthesis of art and spirituality.

Sistine Chapel ceiling

2 identifiers: fresco / 1508-1512

Author: Michelangelo Buonarroti

2 visual characteristic: features intricate biblical scenes and dynamic compositions / showcases vibrant colors and detailed figures

2 contextual elements: reflects the culmination of Renaissance artistic achievement / serves as a significant religious and cultural landmark.

fresco painting techniques.

Techniques:

The Flood

2 identifiers: fresco / 1512-1516

Author: Michelangelo Buonarroti

2 visual characteristic: features dramatic expressions and tumultuous movement / depicts the chaotic nature of the flood

2 contextual elements: reflects themes of divine judgment and human fallibility / symbolizes renewal and salvation.

Last Judgement

2 identifiers: fresco / 1536-1541

Author: Michelangelo Buonarroti

2 visual characteristic: features dramatic expressions and powerful figures / encompasses a central theme of salvation and damnation

2 contextual elements: reflects the spiritual and moral realities of the Christian faith / serves as a climax of Michelangelo's artistic career.

School of Athens

2 identifiers: fresco / 1509-1511

Author: Raphael
2 visual characteristic: features classical architecture and figures from various philosophies / showcases balanced composition and perspective

2 contextual elements: reflects the Renaissance ideal of knowledge and learning / serves as a celebration of humanism and the importance of intellectual discourse.

Techniques:

Versailles

2 identifiers: palace / 1661-1682

Author: Louis XIV and Jules Hardouin-Mansart

2 visual characteristic: features grand architecture and elaborate gardens / showcases opulent decoration and symmetry

2 contextual elements: reflects the absolute power of the monarchy and centralization of government / symbolizes French cultural dominance and art in the 17th century.

Triumph of the Name of Jesus

2 identifiers: ceiling fresco / 1679-1685

Author: Giovanni Battista Gaulli

2 visual characteristic: features dynamic movement and light effects / conveys a sense of divine glory

2 contextual elements: reflects the Counter-Reformation emphasis on Catholicism and spiritual renewal / illustrates the power of the Jesuit order in the Baroque era.

Les Meninas

2 identifiers: oil painting / 1656
Author: Diego Velázquez
2 visual characteristic: features complex composition and multiple perspectives / includes reflection and illusion

2 contextual elements: explores themes of reality and illusion in art / comments on the role of the viewer and artist in the act of seeing.

Techniques:

Marie de’ Medici Cycle

2 identifiers: history painting / 1622-1625
Author: Peter Paul Rubens
2 visual characteristic: features dramatic colors and grand scale / illustrates allegorical subjects and historical events

2 contextual elements: reflects the political and social power of Marie de' Medici / emphasizes the importance of women in governance and politics in 17th century France.

Techniques:

Self-portrait with Saskia

2 identifiers: etching / 1636

Author: Rembrandt

2 visual characteristic: features intimate portrayal and emotional expression / exhibits detailed rendering of fabric and textures

2 contextual elements: explores themes of identity and artistic self-representation / reflects the influence of Dutch Golden Age on portraiture.

Women Holding a Balance

2 identifiers: oil painting / 1664

Author: Johannes Vermeer

2 visual characteristic: features a central figure balancing a scale and rich use of light / includes symbolism of weighing souls and moral choices

2 contextual elements: reflects on themes of morality and the fleeting nature of life / critiques materialism and emphasizes the value of faith.

Fruit and Insects

2 identifiers: oil painting / 1711

Author: Rachel Ruysch

2 visual characteristic: features a vibrant arrangement of fruits and flowers / showcases meticulous detail and realism

2 contextual elements: symbolizes the abundance of nature and the cycle of life / reflects the popularity of still life paintings in the Dutch Golden Age.