Endocrine System Pharmacology and Disorders

Vocabulary flashcards covering antidiabetic, pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid disorder medications and clinical conditions based on the lecture notes.

Rapid-Acting Insulin

Insulin types including Lispro, Aspart, and Glulisine. Onset of action is $10-30\,min$ (Lispro/Aspart: $15-30\,min$, Glulisine: $10-15\,min$), peak action is $0.5-3\,h$ (Lispro: $0.5-1.5\,h$, Aspart: $1-3\,h$, Glulisine: $1-1.5\,h$), and duration of action is $3-5\,h$. Midmorning adverse reaction is trembling and weakness. Clients should eat within $5-15\,min$ after injection; also used in insulin pumps.

Short-Acting Insulin (Regular)

Insulin with an onset of action of $30-60\,min$, peak action of $1-5\,h$, and duration of action of $6-10\,h$. Adverse reactions occur in midmorning or midafternoon (weakness, fatigue). Clear solution given $20-30\,min$ before meals; can be used alone or with other insulins, and is the only insulin that can be given IV.

Intermediate-Acting Insulin (NPH)

Neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin with an onset of action of $1-2\,h$, peak action of $4-12\,h$, and duration of action of $16\,h$. Early evening adverse reactions include weakness and fatigue. White and cloudy solution that can be given after meals.

Very Long-Acting Insulin

Insulin types including Glargine and Insulin detemir with an onset of action of $3-4\,h$, continuous action with no peak, and duration of action of $24\,h$. Maintains blood glucose levels regardless of meals, cannot be mixed with other insulins, and is given at bedtime.

Lipohypertrophy

Fibrofatty masses at injection sites resulting from repeated insulin injections. Prevented by teaching clients to rotate injection sites and avoiding injection directly into these masses.

Sulfonylureas

Oral antidiabetic medications (Glimepiride, Glipizide, Glyburide) that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas. Used only if some pancreatic beta cell function remains. Adverse effects include GI symptoms and dermatologic reactions; should be taken with food if GI upset occurs.

Biguanides (Metformin)

Oral antidiabetic medication that decreases glucose production by the liver and has no effect on pancreatic beta cells. Adverse effects include nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort. Can cause lactic acidosis; contraindicated in renal impairment and must not be given with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors or alcohol.

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Oral antidiabetic medications (Acarbose, Miglitol) that delay the digestion of carbohydrates. Must be taken immediately before a meal. Adverse effects include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and flatulence.

Thiazolidinediones

Oral antidiabetic medications (Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone) that decrease insulin resistance and inhibit gluconeogenesis. Adverse effects include infection, headache, pain, and rare cases of liver failure. Requires regular liver function studies and can cause resumption of ovulation in perimenopause.

Glitinides

Oral antidiabetic medication (Repaglinide) that increases pancreatic insulin release. Adverse effects include hypoglycemia, GI disturbances, upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), back pain, and headache. Medication should not be taken if a meal is skipped.

Gliptins

Oral antidiabetic medications (Linagliptin, Sitagliptin) that enhance the action of incretin hormones. Adverse effects include upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) and hypoglycemia.

Incretin Mimetics

Injected antidiabetic medication (Exenatide) administered $1\,h$ before meals that interacts with many medications. Adverse effects include GI upset, hypoglycemia, and pancreatitis.

Amylin Mimetics

Injected antidiabetic medication (Pramlintide) that delays gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon secretion. Adverse effects include hypoglycemia, nausea, and injection site reaction.

Hypoglycemia

Condition characterized by irritability, confusion, tremors, blurring of vision, coma, seizures, hypotension, tachycardia, cool clammy skin, and diaphoresis. Conscious clients are treated with $15\,g$ of quick-acting carbohydrate; unconscious clients are treated with glucagon IM or dextrose $50\%$ ($\text{D}_{50}\text{W}$) IV.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Hyperglycemic state marked by headache, drowsiness, stupor, coma, hypotension, tachycardia, warm dry skin, polyuria progressing to oliguria, polydipsia, polyphagia, Kussmaul respirations, and fruity breath odor. Treated with normal saline or $0.45\%$ NaCl, regular insulin, and potassium when urine output is satisfactory.

Hypopituitarism (Dwarfism)

Condition resulting from hyposecretion of growth hormone occurring before maturity. Characterized by height below normal, normal body proportions, retarded bone and tooth development, delayed sexual maturity, fine skin, and delicate features. Treated with hormone replacement therapy.

Acromegaly

Condition resulting from hypersecretion of growth hormone occurring after maturity, usually caused by a pituitary adenoma. Assessment reveals enlarged flat bones, protruding lower jaw and forehead, poor coordination, muscle weakness, deep voice, thick soft skin, visual field changes, and sexual abnormalities.

Corticosteroid Therapy

Adrenal replacement medications (Cortisone acetate, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone) given two-thirds in the A.M. and one-third in the P.M. Adverse effects include hyperglycemia, peptic/duodenal ulcers, muscle wasting, fluid retention, $K^+$ excretion, moon face, and buffalo hump. Overdosage produces Cushing syndrome, while abrupt withdrawal causes headache, nausea, vomiting, and papilledema.

Dexamethasone

Corticosteroid medication with adverse effects including euphoria, insomnia, peptic ulcer, and delayed wound healing. Effects of local injections persist for approximately $24\,h$; oral doses should be given with food.

Hypothyroidism (Myxedema)

Condition caused by insufficient thyroid hormone secretion, showing decreased BMR, decreased $T_3$, decreased $T_4$, and elevated TSH. Assessment reveals cold intolerance, lethargy, tiredness, constipation, weight gain, bradycardia, alopecia, dry skin/hair, periorbital and peripheral edema, thick speech, and hoarseness.

Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)

Condition caused by oversecretion of thyroid hormone, showing elevated BMR, elevated $T_3$, elevated $T_4$, and high-titer antithyroid antibodies. Assessment reveals heat sensitivity, hyperactivity, weight loss, diarrhea, tachycardia, exophthalmos, frequent mood swings, nervousness, and fine soft hair.

Antithyroid Medications

Medications (Carbimazole, Methimazole, Propylthiouracil) that inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis by the thyroid gland. Adverse effects include leukopenia, fever, rash, sore throat, and jaundice. Requires monitoring CBC and hepatic function; clients must report fever or sore throat to health care provider.

Levothyroxine

Synthetic thyroxine ($T_4$) medication used for hypothyroidism replacement therapy. Adverse effects include nervousness, tremors, insomnia, tachycardia, palpitations, dysrhythmias, and angina. Clients must report chest pain, palpitations, sweating, or shortness of breath to health care provider.

Chvostek Sign

An abnormal spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light tapping on the cheek of a client with hypocalcemia, often occurring due to parathyroid involvement during thyroidectomy.

Trousseau Sign

Involuntary flexion of the wrist caused by inflating a blood pressure cuff above systolic pressure on the upper arm, indicative of hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia.

Thyrotoxic Crisis

Abrupt, severe complication of hyperthyroidism characterized by heart failure, pulmonary edema, delirium, fever, elevated pulse, systolic hypertension, altered clotting, seizures, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.

Hypoparathyroidism

Condition of decreased parathyroid hormone secretion causing low serum calcium levels (hypocalcemia). Assessment reveals tetany, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, muscular irritability (paresthesias of lips, hands, feet), carpopedal spasm, tremors, seizures, dysphagia, and laryngeal spasm.

Rapid-Acting Insulin

Insulin types including Lispro, Aspart, and Glulisine. Onset of action is $10-30\,min$ (Lispro/Aspart: $15-30\,min$, Glulisine: $10-15\,min$), peak action is $0.5-3\,h$ (Lispro: $0.5-1.5\,h$, Aspart: $1-3\,h$, Glulisine: $1-1.5\,h$), and duration of action is $3-5\,h$. Midmorning adverse reaction is trembling and weakness. Clients should eat within $5-15\,min$ after injection; also used in insulin pumps.

Short-Acting Insulin (Regular)

Insulin with an onset of action of $30-60\,min$, peak action of $1-5\,h$, and duration of action of $6-10\,h$. Adverse reactions occur in midmorning or midafternoon (weakness, fatigue). Clear solution given $20-30\,min$ before meals; can be used alone or with other insulins, and is the only insulin that can be given IV.

Intermediate-Acting Insulin (NPH)

Neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin with an onset of action of $1-2\,h$, peak action of $4-12\,h$, and duration of action of $16\,h$. Early evening adverse reactions include weakness and fatigue. White and cloudy solution that can be given after meals.

Very Long-Acting Insulin

Insulin types including Glargine and Insulin detemir with an onset of action of $3-4\,h$, continuous action with no peak, and duration of action of $24\,h$. Maintains blood glucose levels regardless of meals, cannot be mixed with other insulins, and is given at bedtime.

Lipohypertrophy

Fibrofatty masses at injection sites resulting from repeated insulin injections. Prevented by teaching clients to rotate injection sites and avoiding injection directly into these masses.

Sulfonylureas

Oral antidiabetic medications (Glimepiride, Glipizide, Glyburide) that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas. Used only if some pancreatic beta cell function remains. Adverse effects include GI symptoms and dermatologic reactions; should be taken with food if GI upset occurs.

Biguanides (Metformin)

Oral antidiabetic medication that decreases glucose production by the liver and has no effect on pancreatic beta cells. Adverse effects include nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort. Can cause lactic acidosis; contraindicated in renal impairment and must not be given with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors or alcohol.

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Oral antidiabetic medications (Acarbose, Miglitol) that delay the digestion of carbohydrates. Must be taken immediately before a meal. Adverse effects include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and flatulence.

Thiazolidinediones

Oral antidiabetic medications (Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone) that decrease insulin resistance and inhibit gluconeogenesis. Adverse effects include infection, headache, pain, and rare cases of liver failure. Requires regular liver function studies and can cause resumption of ovulation in perimenopause.

Glitinides

Oral antidiabetic medication (Repaglinide) that increases pancreatic insulin release. Adverse effects include hypoglycemia, GI disturbances, upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), back pain, and headache. Medication should not be taken if a meal is skipped.

Gliptins

Oral antidiabetic medications (Linagliptin, Sitagliptin) that enhance the action of incretin hormones. Adverse effects include upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) and hypoglycemia.

Incretin Mimetics

Injected antidiabetic medication (Exenatide) administered $1\,h$ before meals that interacts with many medications. Adverse effects include GI upset, hypoglycemia, and pancreatitis.

Amylin Mimetics

Injected antidiabetic medication (Pramlintide) that delays gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon secretion. Adverse effects include hypoglycemia, nausea, and injection site reaction.

Hypoglycemia

Condition characterized by irritability, confusion, tremors, blurring of vision, coma, seizures, hypotension, tachycardia, cool clammy skin, and diaphoresis. Conscious clients are treated with $15\,g$ of quick-acting carbohydrate; unconscious clients are treated with glucagon IM or dextrose $50\%$ (\text{D}_{50}\text{W}) IV.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Hyperglycemic state marked by headache, drowsiness, stupor, coma, hypotension, tachycardia, warm dry skin, polyuria progressing to oliguria, polydipsia, polyphagia, Kussmaul respirations, and fruity breath odor. Treated with normal saline or $0.45\%$ NaCl, regular insulin, and potassium when urine output is satisfactory.

Hypopituitarism (Dwarfism)

Condition resulting from hyposecretion of growth hormone occurring before maturity. Characterized by height below normal, normal body proportions, retarded bone and tooth development, delayed sexual maturity, fine skin, and delicate features. Treated with hormone replacement therapy.

Acromegaly

Condition resulting from hypersecretion of growth hormone occurring after maturity, usually caused by a pituitary adenoma. Assessment reveals enlarged flat bones, protruding lower jaw and forehead, poor coordination, muscle weakness, deep voice, thick soft skin, visual field changes, and sexual abnormalities.

Corticosteroid Therapy

Adrenal replacement medications (Cortisone acetate, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone) given two-thirds in the A.M. and one-third in the P.M. Adverse effects include hyperglycemia, peptic/duodenal ulcers, muscle wasting, fluid retention, K^+ excretion, moon face, and buffalo hump. Overdosage produces Cushing syndrome, while abrupt withdrawal causes headache, nausea, vomiting, and papilledema.

Dexamethasone

Corticosteroid medication with adverse effects including euphoria, insomnia, peptic ulcer, and delayed wound healing. Effects of local injections persist for approximately $24\,h$; oral doses should be given with food.

Hypothyroidism (Myxedema)

Condition caused by insufficient thyroid hormone secretion, showing decreased BMR, decreased T_3, decreased T_4, and elevated TSH. Assessment reveals cold intolerance, lethargy, tiredness, constipation, weight gain, bradycardia, alopecia, dry skin/hair, periorbital and peripheral edema, thick speech, and hoarseness.

Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)

Condition caused by oversecretion of thyroid hormone, showing elevated BMR, elevated T_3, elevated T_4, and high-titer antithyroid antibodies. Assessment reveals heat sensitivity, hyperactivity, weight loss, diarrhea, tachycardia, exophthalmos, frequent mood swings, nervousness, and fine soft hair.

Antithyroid Medications

Medications (Carbimazole, Methimazole, Propylthiouracil) that inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis by the thyroid gland. Adverse effects include leukopenia, fever, rash, sore throat, and jaundice. Requires monitoring CBC and hepatic function; clients must report fever or sore throat to health care provider.

Lugol's Iodine Solution

Iodine preparation (or potassium iodide) given $2\,weeks$ prior to thyroid surgery to decrease vascularity and hormone release. Must be administered after meals, diluted in water, milk, or fruit juice, and swallowed through a straw to prevent staining teeth.

Radioactive Iodine (^{131}\text{I})

Oral radiation treatment that destroys thyroid tissue. Contraindicated in women of childbearing age. Requires overnight fasting prior to administration; urine, saliva, and vomit remain radioactive for $3\,d$.

Levothyroxine

Synthetic thyroxine (T_4) medication used for hypothyroidism replacement therapy. Adverse effects include nervousness, tremors, insomnia, tachycardia, palpitations, dysrhythmias, and angina. Clients must report chest pain, palpitations, sweating, or shortness of breath to health care provider.

Chvostek Sign

An abnormal spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light tapping on the cheek of a client with hypocalcemia, often occurring due to parathyroid involvement during thyroidectomy.

Trousseau Sign

Involuntary flexion of the wrist caused by inflating a blood pressure cuff above systolic pressure on the upper arm, indicative of hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia.

Thyrotoxic Crisis

Abrupt, severe complication of hyperthyroidism characterized by heart failure, pulmonary edema, delirium, fever, elevated pulse, systolic hypertension, altered clotting, seizures, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.

Hypoparathyroidism

Condition of decreased parathyroid hormone secretion causing low serum calcium levels (hypocalcemia). Assessment reveals tetany, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, muscular irritability (paresthesias of lips, hands, feet), carpopedal spasm, tremors, seizures, dysphagia, and laryngeal spasm.

Addisonian Crisis

Severe complication of adrenal insufficiency developing rapidly with severe hypoglycemia, dehydration, falling blood pressure, shock, and coma. Management requires hydrocortisone therapy monitoring, IV infusion of NaCl, vasopressors, absolute rest, and vital signs monitoring.

Rapid-Acting Insulin

Insulin types including Lispro, Aspart, and Glulisine. Onset of action is $10-30\,min$ (Lispro/Aspart: $15-30\,min$, Glulisine: $10-15\,min$), peak action is $0.5-3\,h$ (Lispro: $0.5-1.5\,h$, Aspart: $1-3\,h$, Glulisine: $1-1.5\,h$), and duration of action is $3-5\,h$. Midmorning adverse reaction is trembling and weakness. Clients should eat within $5-15\,min$ after injection; also used in insulin pumps.

Short-Acting Insulin (Regular)

Insulin with an onset of action of $30-60\,min$, peak action of $1-5\,h$, and duration of action of $6-10\,h$. Adverse reactions occur in midmorning or midafternoon (weakness, fatigue). Clear solution given $20-30\,min$ before meals; can be used alone or with other insulins, and is the only insulin that can be given IV.

Intermediate-Acting Insulin (NPH)

Neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin with an onset of action of $1-2\,h$, peak action of $4-12\,h$, and duration of action of $16\,h$. Early evening adverse reactions include weakness and fatigue. White and cloudy solution that can be given after meals.

Very Long-Acting Insulin

Insulin types including Glargine and Insulin detemir with an onset of action of $3-4\,h$, continuous action with no peak, and duration of action of $24\,h$. Maintains blood glucose levels regardless of meals, cannot be mixed with other insulins, and is given at bedtime.

Lipohypertrophy

Fibrofatty masses at injection sites resulting from repeated insulin injections. Prevented by teaching clients to rotate injection sites and avoiding injection directly into these masses.

Sulfonylureas

Oral antidiabetic medications (Glimepiride, Glipizide, Glyburide) that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas. Used only if some pancreatic beta cell function remains. Adverse effects include GI symptoms and dermatologic reactions; should be taken with food if GI upset occurs.

Biguanides (Metformin)

Oral antidiabetic medication that decreases glucose production by the liver and has no effect on pancreatic beta cells. Adverse effects include nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort. Can cause lactic acidosis; contraindicated in renal impairment and must not be given with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors or alcohol.

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Oral antidiabetic medications (Acarbose, Miglitol) that delay the digestion of carbohydrates. Must be taken immediately before a meal. Adverse effects include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and flatulence.

Thiazolidinediones

Oral antidiabetic medications (Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone) that decrease insulin resistance and inhibit gluconeogenesis. Adverse effects include infection, headache, pain, and rare cases of liver failure. Requires regular liver function studies and can cause resumption of ovulation in perimenopause.

Glitinides

Oral antidiabetic medication (Repaglinide) that increases pancreatic insulin release. Adverse effects include hypoglycemia, GI disturbances, upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), back pain, and headache. Medication should not be taken if a meal is skipped.

Gliptins

Oral antidiabetic medications (Linagliptin, Sitagliptin) that enhance the action of incretin hormones. Adverse effects include upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) and hypoglycemia.

Incretin Mimetics

Injected antidiabetic medication (Exenatide) administered $1\,h$ before meals that interacts with many medications. Adverse effects include GI upset, hypoglycemia, and pancreatitis.

Amylin Mimetics

Injected antidiabetic medication (Pramlintide) that delays gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon secretion. Adverse effects include hypoglycemia, nausea, and injection site reaction.

Hypoglycemia

Condition characterized by irritability, confusion, tremors, blurring of vision, coma, seizures, hypotension, tachycardia, cool clammy skin, and diaphoresis. Conscious clients are treated with $15\,g$ of quick-acting carbohydrate; unconscious clients are treated with glucagon IM or dextrose $50\%$ ($\text{D}_{50}\text{W}$) IV.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Hyperglycemic state marked by headache, drowsiness, stupor, coma, hypotension, tachycardia, warm dry skin, polyuria progressing to oliguria, polydipsia, polyphagia, Kussmaul respirations, and fruity breath odor. Treated with normal saline or $0.45\%$ NaCl, regular insulin, and potassium when urine output is satisfactory.

Hypopituitarism (Dwarfism)

Condition resulting from hyposecretion of growth hormone occurring before maturity. Characterized by height below normal, normal body proportions, retarded bone and tooth development, delayed sexual maturity, fine skin, and delicate features. Treated with hormone replacement therapy.

Acromegaly

Condition resulting from hypersecretion of growth hormone occurring after maturity, usually caused by a pituitary adenoma. Assessment reveals enlarged flat bones, protruding lower jaw and forehead, poor coordination, muscle weakness, deep voice, thick soft skin, visual field changes, and sexual abnormalities.

Corticosteroid Therapy

Adrenal replacement medications (Cortisone acetate, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone) given two-thirds in the A.M. and one-third in the P.M. Adverse effects include hyperglycemia, peptic/duodenal ulcers, muscle wasting, fluid retention, $\text{K}^+$ excretion, moon face, and buffalo hump. Overdosage produces Cushing syndrome, while abrupt withdrawal causes headache, nausea, vomiting, and papilledema.

Dexamethasone

Corticosteroid medication with adverse effects including euphoria, insomnia, peptic ulcer, and delayed wound healing. Effects of local injections persist for approximately $24\,h$; oral doses should be given with food.

Hypothyroidism (Myxedema)

Condition caused by insufficient thyroid hormone secretion, showing decreased BMR, decreased $T_3$, decreased $T_4$, and elevated TSH. Assessment reveals cold intolerance, lethargy, tiredness, constipation, weight gain, bradycardia, alopecia, dry skin/hair, periorbital and peripheral edema, thick speech, and hoarseness.

Early Hypothyroidism Signs and Symptoms

Clinical features including cold intolerance, lethargy, tiredness, slightly decreased temperature, constipation, and weight gain.

Myxedema Assessment Findings

Physical signs present in severe hypothyroidism including periorbital and peripheral edema, thick speech, hoarseness, alopecia, and bradycardia.

Hypothyroidism Diagnostic Lab Findings

Diagnostic test results showing decreased basal metabolic rate (BMR), decreased $T_3$, decreased $T_4$, and elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Nursing Interventions for Hypothyroidism

Management measures including pacing activities slowly, maintaining room temperature around $75^\circ\text{F}$, restricting soap to protect skin, offering a high-protein, low-calorie, high-fiber diet, increasing fluids, and cautiously administering sedatives due to respiratory depression risk.

Triggers for Myxedema Coma

Precipitating factors including acute illness, surgery, chemotherapy, and sudden discontinuation of thyroid hormone replacement medications.

Hypothyroidism Replacement Medications

Pharmacologic therapies used to treat insufficient thyroid hormone, including Levothyroxine (Synthroid), desiccated thyroid hormone, and liothyronine sodium.

Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)

Condition caused by oversecretion of thyroid hormone, showing elevated BMR, elevated $T_3$, elevated $T_4$, and high-titer antithyroid antibodies. Assessment reveals heat sensitivity, hyperactivity, weight loss, diarrhea, tachycardia, exophthalmos, frequent mood swings, nervousness, and fine soft hair.

Antithyroid Medications

Medications (Carbimazole, Methimazole, Propylthiouracil) that inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis by the thyroid gland. Adverse effects include leukopenia, fever, rash, sore throat, and jaundice. Requires monitoring CBC and hepatic function; clients must report fever or sore throat to health care provider.

Lugol's Iodine Solution

Iodine preparation (or potassium iodide) given $2\,weeks$ prior to thyroid surgery to decrease vascularity and hormone release. Must be administered after meals, diluted in water, milk, or fruit juice, and swallowed through a straw to prevent staining teeth.

Radioactive Iodine ($^{131}\text{I}$)

Oral radiation treatment that destroys thyroid tissue. Contraindicated in women of childbearing age. Requires overnight fasting prior to administration; urine, saliva, and vomit remain radioactive for $3\,d$.

Levothyroxine

Synthetic thyroxine ($T_4$) medication used for hypothyroidism replacement therapy. Adverse effects include nervousness, tremors, insomnia, tachycardia, palpitations, dysrhythmias, and angina. Clients must report chest pain, palpitations, sweating, or shortness of breath to health care provider.

Chvostek Sign

An abnormal spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light tapping on the cheek of a client with hypocalcemia, often occurring due to parathyroid involvement during thyroidectomy.

Trousseau Sign

Involuntary flexion of the wrist caused by inflating a blood pressure cuff above systolic pressure on the upper arm, indicative of hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia.

Thyrotoxic Crisis

Abrupt, severe complication of hyperthyroidism characterized by heart failure, pulmonary edema, delirium, fever, elevated pulse, systolic hypertension, altered clotting, seizures, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.

Hypoparathyroidism

Condition of decreased parathyroid hormone secretion causing low serum calcium levels (hypocalcemia). Assessment reveals tetany, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, muscular irritability (paresthesias of lips, hands, feet), carpopedal spasm, tremors, seizures, dysphagia, and laryngeal spasm.

Addisonian Crisis

Severe complication of adrenal insufficiency developing rapidly with severe hypoglycemia, dehydration, falling blood pressure, shock, and coma. Management requires hydrocortisone therapy monitoring, IV infusion of NaCl, vasopressors, absolute rest, and vital signs monitoring.

What is Graves Disease?

Graves Disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism), resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, and enlarged thyroid (goiter). It is characterized by the production of antibodies that stimulate the thyroid hormone synthesis.