CCJ 4701 test 1

When we conclude what we have observed or what we know to be true for some cases is true for all cases, we have committed this error in reasoning.

Overgeneralization

A researcher believes girls are more preoccupied with the way they dress than boys. Due

to this assumption, he focuses his observations only on girls and their interactions with

their friends, neglecting how boys present themselves to others. This is an example of

______.

Selective observation

If a woman says she is hungry and we think she said "hunted," we have made a(n)

______.

Inaccurate observation

Which of the following is not an important goal of social research?

Causation

Both explanatory and evaluation research studies are concerned with the causes and

effects of social phenomena. The difference between them is that evaluation research

focuses on the ______.

Effect of particular policies or programs

When someone doesn't critically evaluate the ideas of those in positions of authority,

they are committing this error in reasoning.

Resistance to change

The scientific method is a way of knowing that relies on empirical investigation, known

as ______.

epistemology

If a social service agency seeks better assessment of youth violence so they can identify

needs and allocate responsibility among agencies that can meet those needs, we would say

that they have ______ motivations to do research.

Policy

A social scientist who conducts research on youth violence after first volunteering in an

organization dealing with at-risk youth may be said to have ______ motivations.

Personal

Research that seeks to discover the meanings people give to their actions would be conducting which type of research?

Exploratory

Researchers with a belief that an objective reality exists apart from the perceptions of

those who observe it, are conducting research with this philosophy.

positivism

The everyday error in reasoning that involves prematurely jumping to conclusions

and arguing on the basis of invalid assumption is known as ______.

Illogical reasoning

When we trust the judgments of people who have special training, such as a doctor or

a lawyer, we are accepting ______.

Uncritical agreement with authority

When we want to understand the direct relationship between two or more things, we

are using which type of research?

Explanatory

The everyday error that involves the reluctance to change ideas even in light of new

information is called ______.

Resistance to change

When we want to understand the direct relationship between two or more things, we are using which type of research?

Explanatory

Social science is best defined as ______.

a set of logical, systematic, documented methods for investigating nature and natural

processes

Social science overcomes the reliance on tradition or unquestioning respect for authority by ______.

requiring systematic methods to answer questions

When we prematurely jump to conclusions, we are using ______.

A. the exploratory method

B. illogical reasoning

C. vague reasoning

D. all of these

All reasonings

Developing valid knowledge about how society is organized does not tell us how society ______.

Should be organized

When the data for all seven sites in the Esbensen et al. (2013) study, there were______.

No differences in violent offending between the experimental and control group students over the 4-year period

The belief that there is an empirical reality but that our understanding of it is limited by its complexity and by the biases and other limitations of researchers is known as ______.

positivism

Deductive theory begins with which element of the research circle?

Social Theory

A logically interrelated set of propositions about empirical reality is a:

Theory

______________ reasoning begins from the general and moves to the specific.

Deductive

The process of conducting research using the deductive process begins with ____________.

Theory

The variable that is hypothesized to cause or lead to variation in another variable is known as

the _____________________ variable.

Independent

"If self-control is higher, then the number of delinquent acts is lower" is a(n):

Hypothesis

Inductive reasoning often enters into deductive research when unexpected findings in the data are found. These unexpected patterns are called:

Anomalous findings and Serendipitous findings

The first step in formulating a criminal justice research question is to ___________ it.

Identify

When a research study is conducted again using the same research methods to answer the

same question to determine if the original findings occur again is called:

Replication

Which of the following is one of the guidelines that are particularly useful to criminologists?

All of the above, Plan and carry out investigations systematically, Document all procedures and disclose them publicly, Replicate research and accumulate knowledge.

The type of validity that is achieved when a measure measures what it is presumed to measure is:

A) Presumption validity

B) Measurement validity

C) Achievement validity

D) All of the above are correct

Presumption validity

Measurement validity

Achievement validity

The generalizability of a study is the:

Extent to which it can be used to inform us about persons, places, or events that were not studied

In a review of the average teacher salaries across school districts, Ms. Godfrey found a range

from $35,000 to $65,000, with teachers in urban school districts generally earning more than

those in rural and suburban school districts. Ms. Godfrey has d

one what:

Made an empirical generalization

One of the theoretical assumptions that arise from _________ is that people's behavior is shaped by calculations of the costs and benefits of their actions.

Deterrence Theory

Causal validity is also known as

internal validity

The two aspects of generalizability are sample generalizability and ______________ generalizability.

Cross-Population

What famous prison simulation raised questions about the ethical treatment of subjects?

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study

The _________ Report (1979) from the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare

established three basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects.

Belmont

The ACJS Code of Ethics stipulates that:

A) Research should expose participants to no more than minimal risk of harm.

B) Researchers should fully disclose the purposes of their research.

C) Confidentiality must be maintained for individual research participants unless it is

voluntarily and explicitly waived

D) All of the above

A) Research should expose participants to no more than minimal risk of harm. / Researchers should fully disclose the purposes of their research./ Confidentiality must be maintained for individual research participants unless it is voluntarily and explicitly waived

Milgram's experimenters dealt with "harm" to participants through after the fact:

Debriefing of participants

Consent may only be given by a person who is:

Competent to consent

Fully informed about the research

Able to comprehend what they have been told

Milgram was concerned about the phenomenon of obedience because of its implications for:

His reputation

Explaining past atrocities

People's welfare

There are special protections for certain segments of the population including:

Children and Prisoners

The authors of your text argue that a commitment to achieving valid results is necessary because:

-Researchers approach their research subjectively.

-Without out it researchers cannot show reliability in research which is vital.

-Without it we cannot represent our actions as contributing to the advancement of

knowledge.

Zimbardo devised his experiment to that the situation would seem very realistic to participants and yet allow:

Careful measurement of important variables

Careful observation of behavior at all times

Interviews with participants as the research proceeded

Zimbardo's devised his Stanford prison experiment so that:

It would seem realistic to the participant and yet allow careful measurement of variables

Milgram believed that:

A) The obedience experiments he conducted would only apply with regard to WWII

B) His controversial experiments on obedience were entirely ethical

C) Most of his work showing obedience applied only to higher-ups in a situation, but not to

those of lower status

D) His obedience experiments were very straightforward

Baumrind (1985) dismissed Milgram's findings in the obedience experiments because

A) Of the value of the self-reported "lack of harm" of subjects who had been willing participants in the experiment

B) The research indicated that most students who have participated in a deception experiment report a decreased level of trust in authorities

C) Both A and B are true

D) None of the above

Of the value of the self-reported "lack of harm" of subjects who had been willing participants in the experiment

The research indicated that most students who have participated in a deception experiment report a decreased level of trust in

The process of specifying what we mean by a term is known as:

Conceptualization

A mental image that summarizes a set of observations, feelings or ideas is a:

Concept

An indicator of the variable "binge drinking" is an answer to a question such as:

"How often within the past two weeks did you consume 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row?"

Operationalization is the process of:

Specifying the operations that will indicate the value of a variable for each case

When a respondent is offered explicit responses from which to choose an answer to a question, they are answering a(n):

Fixed-choice question

A question with no explicit responses choices is known as a(n):

Open-ended Question

Observations can be used to measure characteristics of:

Individuals

Events

Places

When a researcher collects data about individuals or groups without their direct knowledge or participation, he/she is using which technique?

Unobtrusive measure

"Compared with other campuses with which you are familiar, this campus's use of alcohol is ... (choose one): 1) Greater than for other campuses, 2) Less than for other campuses, 3) About the same as for other campuses." This is which type of question?

Closed ended

Most surveys of a large number of people contain primarily closed-ended questions because?

The answers are easy to process with computers

Computers can easily be used to analyze statistics

When the range of responses to a question cannot be adequately anticipated,_____________ questions are preferable.

Open-ended

The use of multiple methods to study one research question is called:

Triangulation

A variable's level of measurement has important implications for:

The type of mathematical precision with which the values of a variable can be expressed

The types of statistics that can be used with the variable

Variables with only two values are known as:

Dichotomies

A variable has measurement validity when:

it measures what we think it does

When an inspection of the items used to measure a concept suggests they are appropriate, the researcher can feel confident in the __________ validity.

Face

If students are given arithmetic tests covering roughly the same information, this Friday and next Friday, and scored approximately the same on both tests, it is said to have:

Reliability

Consistency of ratings by an observer of an unchanging phenomenon at two or more points in time shows:

Intra- Observer reliability

A variable with no mathematical interpretation is at the:

Nominal level of measurment

A variable at this level of measurement in which the numbers specify only ''greater than' and 'less than' distinctions is at the:

ratio level of measurement

Measurement of a variable in which the numbers indicate a variable's values represent

fixed measurement units but with no absolute, fixed zero point:

Interval level of measurement

A variable measured that has fixed measuring units and an absolute zero point is:

Ratio level of measurement

Available criminal justice data includes official data, such as:

Government statistics

U. S. Census Bureau statistics

Uniform Crime Reports

Which of the following comes closest to describing the purpose of an IRB?

to determine if adequate safeguards for protection of subjects is in place

According to federal regulations, which of the following represents a special population for purposes of criminal justice research?

children

Research that uses human subjects is:

subject to international review board review