Bio exam 2 zanzot

What are plants derived from?

Charophyta (green algae)

Plants characteristics

Paraphyletic, multicellular, tissues, photoautotrophic, heteromorphic sporic meiosis, cell walls made of cellulose, movement by growth

What is an embryo protected by?

Gametophyte tissue

Major plant groups (4)

Non-vascular, seedless vascular, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Non-vascular plants characteristics (4)

• Dominant gametophyte

• moist habitats

• small plants

• large immobile eggs, larger mobile sperm

Non-vascular phyla (3)

Byrophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta

Anthocerophyta characteristics (2)

• Simple, charophyte-like thallus

• Hornworts

How do Anthoceros release spores

Horn-like sporophyte (dehiscent) splits open and releases spores (2n)

Anthoceros gametophyte

Looks like a green sheet (n)

Hepatophyta (2)

• Liverwort

• dichotomously branching thallus

Hepatophyta gametophyte

Split into two equal-sized lobes, gemma cups

Hepatophyta antheridiophore/antheridia

Sperm produced here, antheridia are microscopic but antheridiophores can be seen

Hepatophyta archaegoniophore/archegonia

Egg produced here, archegonia are microscopic but archaegoniophores can be seen

Hepatophyta sporophyte

Foot, capsule, elators on spores. Elator opens up and catches air currents to help anchor the spore. Microscopic, hidden under lobes of archaegoniophore

Bryophyta characteristics (3)

• Splash cups

• True mosses

• Leafy shoots

Are sporophytes diploid or haploid?

Diploid

Are gametophytes diploid or haploid?

Haploid

Bryophyta phylum characterstics

• The mosses

• Sporophytes are in capsules

Seedless vascular plants characteristics (4)

• Vascular tissue

• Larger plants in dryer habitats

• Dominant sporophyte

• Gametophytes are often hidden

Vascular tissue system

Moves material around the inside of the body of the plant, has a series of tubes

Xylem

Moves water & mineral nutrients from the soil to the roots, stems, & leaves

Phloem

Moves photosynthate (sugars) to where it is needed & plant hormones

Dermal tissue system

Outer covering layer like skin, protects plant from being eaten & keeps water in tubes from leaking out

Ground tissue system

Fills the space between DTS & VTS, provides support for the VTS, “background tissue”

Divergence of leaves in seedless vascular plants

Microphyll leaves: single unbranched vein

Megaphyll leaves: branched vascular tissue

• leads to better photosynthesis

Meristem

Specialized tissues dedicated to mitosis

Apical meristems (3)

• “Root & shoot”

• Primary growth: increase in height & depth

• Found in all vascular plants

Lateral meristems (3)

• Secondary growth

• Increase in girth

• Trees & woody plants

Seedless vascular plant phyla (4)

Pteridophyta, Equisetophyta, Psilophyta, Lycophyta

Another way seedless vascular plants can be classified?

Moniliophyta: pteridophyta, equisetophyta, psilophyta

Lycophyta

Symplesiomorphy for seedless vascular plants?

Seedlessness

Synapomorphy for seedless vascular plants?

Vascular tissue

Why are seedlless vascular plants paraphyletic?

Need to make 2 cuts because they are seedless and vascular

Psilophyta characteristics (4)

• “Whisk ferns”

• Lack true leaves & roots

• Sporangia on stem (divided into 3 lobes)

• Can see sporophyte

Psilophyta

Equisetophyta characterstics (4)

• 1 extant genus: Equisetum (living fossils)

• Horsetail ferns, pot scrubbers

• Hollow ribbed stem, jointed

• Whorls of microphylls in each node

Equisetophyta

Pteridophyta characteristics (4)

• True ferns

• Most diverse of SV

• Megaphyll leaves = frond

• Circinate vernation

Rachis

Central stem

Pinnae

Broad flattened bits

Circinate vernation

Way ferns develop, in spirals

Psilophyta sporophyte

Sours: cluster of sporangia, sori contain spores

Psilophyta gametophyte

Protonema, prothallus with artheridia & archegonia

Pteridophyta

Lycophyta characteristics (2)

• Club mosses, ground pine, quillwort

• Both homosporous & heterosporous

Lycophyta sporophyte

Strobilus: cluster of sporophylls

Lycophyta

Spores (3)

• Single, totipotent cell

• Small, limited resources

• HAPLOID

Seeds (4)

• Multicellular

• Organ & tissue systems developed

• DIPLOID

• Nutrition for embryo inside

What is the smelly part of the ginkgophyta?

The seed coat

Gymnosperm characteristics (5)

• Vascular tissue

• Larger plants

• Dominant sporophyte

• Heterospory (needed for seeds)

• Monophyletic

Gymnosperm phyla (4)

Ginkgophyta, gnetophya, cycadophyta, coniferophyta

Gnetophyta characteristics (4)

• 3 extant genera

• Gnetum

• Welwitschia

• Ephedra

Gnetophyta - gnetum (3)

• Found in the tropics

• Has fleshy seed coats

• Used to make rope

Gnetophyta - welwitschia (4)

• Found in deserts in Africa

• Two leaves & cone-shaped seeds

• “Burned” stump

• Upward angling of leaves to catch dew

Gnetophyta - ephedra (5)

• Found in temperate regions

• 12 species in the US

• Joint fur or mormon tea are names

• Bright red seeds

• Produces sudafed!!!!

Ginkgophyta characteristics (6)

• Monotypic (one species)

• Ginkgo biloba: maidenhair tree

• Deciduous

• Dichotomonous venation

• Male & female trees

• Bilobed leaves

Ginkgophyta

Cycadophyta characteristics (4)

• Cycads: short, palm-like

• Found in FL, GA, tropics

• Dioecious

• Beetles found in pollen cones

Cycadophyta

Coniferophyta characteristics (2)

• Oldest trees, large, diverse

• Pines, firs, spruce, hemlock, redwood, juniper, cedar

Coniferophyta

Angiosperms characteristics (3)

• Flowering & fruiting plants

• Most successful lineage

• Very diverse

Angiosperms phyla (1)

Magnoliophyta, (anthophyta)

What is a flower? (3)

• Determinate sporophyll bearing chute

• Subtended by a penduncle

• Born from a receptacle

Male flower parts

The stamen: anther + filament

Female flower parts

The carpel: stigma + style + ovary

Four whorls

Calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium

Calyx

Sepals

Corolla

Petals

Calyx + corolla

Perianth

Androecium

• ‘male house’

• Stamens

Gynoecium

• ‘woman house’

• Carpels

Perfect flower

Has both female & male whorls in every flower

Complete flower

Has all 4 whorls in every flower

Monoecious plants

Male & female whorls & gametes produced on the same plant

Dioecious plants

Separate male & female gamete producing plants

Connotation in a flower

Fusion within a whorl is derived, not uncommon

Adnation

Fusion between different whorls is derived, not common

Inflorescence

Arrangement of flowers on a branch or stem

Basal angiosperms

Include magnolias & a few others

Monocots (5)

• Poaceae: oats, grasses, wheat

• Liliaceae: lilys

• Arececeae: Palms

• Orchidaceae: largest, orchids

• Iridaceae: iris

Eudicots (6)

• Asteraceae: Artichokes, sunflowers

• Fabaceae: Peas, peanuts, beans

• Rosaceae: Roses, apples, peaches

• Brassicaceae: Mustard, cabbage, kale

• Solanaceae: Eggplants, tomatoes, peppers

• Lamiaceae: Mint, spices, herbs

Monocot characteristics (6)

• One cotyledon

• Parallel veins

• Vascular tissue scattered in stems

• No main root

• Pollen grain w/ one opening

• Floral organs in multiples of 3

Eudicot characteristics (6)

• Two cotyledons

• Leaf veins netlike

• Ring-like vascular tissue in stems

• Main root present

• Pollen grain w/ 3 openings

• Floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5

Angiosperm life cycle (3)

• Gametophyte dominant

• Heterospory

• All takes place in covered seed

Fruit

• Ovary wall of flower develops into fruit

• Container for seeds, disperses them by tasty covering or wind

Multiple fruit definition & examples

Multiple flowers come together to make 1 fruit

• Pineapples

Berry definition & examples

Almost all of the pericarp is fleshy

• Tomatoes & blueberries

Pepo definition & examples

Exocarp surrounds fleshy mesocarp

• Watermelon

Citrus fruit definition & examples

Leathery rind with juicy hesperidium with hairs filled with juice

• Lemon, oranges

Drupe definition & examples

Fleshy fruits with a stony endocarp

• Avocados, peaches

Pome definition & examples

Type of fleshy fruit where paper margin is ovary wall

• Apples, pears

Paracarp

Ovary wall

Exocarp

Outside body

Mesocarp

Middle body

Endocarp

Inside body

Indehiscent fruits definition & examples

These do not split open at maturity

• Acorns, sunflower seeds, samara

Melittophily (5)

• Bee pollination

• Bees see yellow, purple, & UV light

• Flowers have nectar guides

• Bees have only existed since pollination

• Developed fur on body & legs to collect pollen

Psychophily (4)

• Butterfly pollination

• They see UV, red, pink, purple, orange

• Flowers have tubular corollas

• Scents to attract butterflies & landing platforms