Developmental Psychology Exam 4 UARK Alwood

ADHD

difficulties in attention and/or hyperactivity. Medication coupled with behavioral intentions can help children learn strategies.

-diagnosis requires consistent display of minimum # of specific symptoms over a 6 month period

How can girls increase participation in athletics?

Educated parents can help increase self confidence and participation

Gender differences in athletics

Girls advance in fine motor skills

Boys outperform girls on throwing, kicking, & other gross motor skills

What should be the emphasis by parents, coaches, and PE teachers?

Should be about enjoyment, informal & individual exercise, focus on child's personal progress and team contribution.

Competitiveness & ability by age 5

Competition should be introduced appropriately

Growth Spurt

Girls slightly shorter & lighter than boys, age 9 trend reverses

Height - what grows fastest?

larger portion of the body is growing fastest, all legs.

Illness

illness rates rise the first 2 years of school, exposure to sick children, the immune system is still developing

What is the most common illness in children?

Asthma - chronic inflammatory disorder in the airways that cause wheezing & coughing

Why increase in team sports?

Associated with rule understanding from peer relationships, exercise and develop motor skills, develop more self esteem, motivation and teamwork

Motor development

In MC, ligaments are very flexible, agility, speed & reaction time improve. Skills develop due to experience and growth.

-Nutrition, opportunity, and health influence motor development

-Increases in body size & strength contribute to advances in motor skills

Obesity rate

About 32% of children are overweight

- Dramatic rise in overweight & obesity has occurred in many Western points

How can we prevent childhood obesity?

Parents should monitor their children's activities and engage in physical activity with them

What are the effects of malnutrition in early childhood?

Prolonged malnutrition can result in permanent physical and mental impairments.

-more focus on new friends & activities, drop % in family meals, malnutrition resulting from poverty, poor quality diets high in soft drinks and fast foods

body image dissatisfaction

Appears as early as the preschool years and increases over childhood.

adrenarche

maturing of the adrenal glands

Brain Development

by age 6, the brain has reached about 95% of adult size.

-Brain volume increases, especially in prefrontal cortex

Resiliency

the ability to adapt effectively and recover from disappointment, difficulty, or crisis.

-resilient children tend to have behavior regulation, proactive orientation, initiative taking, and strong supportive parental relationships

Attention becomes more ______, ________, & ________.

Selective, flexible, and planful

bilingual children language learning

Often taught english by immersion

-code switching is not a problem

-many cognitive skills for speaking more than one language

Is immersion or dual language learning superior when it comes to Bilingual children?

DUAL LANGUAGE LEARNING IS SUPERIOR TO IMMERSION!!

-using native language alongside English

cognitive self-regulation

the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts

How can parents foster self regulation?

By pointing out important features of a task, suggesting strategies & explaining effectiveness of the strategies.

Metacognition

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. Thinking about thinking

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

constructivist approach

A learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher. Children actively construct learning.

convergent thinking

Focuses on finding one well defined solution to a problem

Divergent thinking

Involves creativity when thinking of solutions

decentration (Piaget)

The gradual progression in which a child moves away from egocentrism and shares a reality with others. Realization that others may not like what they like, and that is normal & okay

Dyslexia

A reading disability, with reading achievement below that predicted by age or IQ

Dyscalculia

mathematical difficulty

Dysgraphia

writing difficulties

Goal structures

types and outcomes goal is the end state

-leads to fixed mindset goal is the process

-leads to a growth mindset

cooperative goal structure

a goal structure in which the members of a group work together to achieve their objectives

competitive goal structure

a goal structure in which members hinder one another's efforts to obtain a goal

individualistic goal structure

one in which individuals are rewarded on the basis of the quality of their work independent of the quality of work of other students.

kinesthetic sense

the sense of position and movement in the body. Allow us to feel how our body moves & what it feels like when we move.

Vocabulary increases fourfold:

- reading contributes enormously to vocabulary growth

- children grasp double meanings, appreciate riddles and puns

-can detect discrepancies between what the speaker says and what they believe

Grammar mastery increases

use of passive voice more frequently, understanding of infinitive phrases, adapt to needs of listeners

Literal vs. Intended meaning differences lead to....

growth in ability at this time

Phonics

start synthetically & then analytically. Sounding out the words and letters

whole language approach

recognize words as whole pieces, instead of breaking them down and sounding them out

learned helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

-ex: a child performs poorly on a test after studying, so they decide to not study for the next one because they see it as ineffective

-children view the focus as fixed (focusing on being smart rather than efforts leads to this)

-focus on effort is a growth outlook on academic ability

recognition

ability to recognize an event or piece of information as FAMILIAR

Recall

mental search for information, details

sociocultural approach to intelligence

emphasizes the influence of society that we are living in onto our learning processes

Teachers: Difference in interactions with boys and girls

Constructivist classrooms

student centered, children actively construct learning

Transition to first grade

-adjustment & behavior in 1st grade influences teachers perceptions & children's views of themselves & academic performance

-Positive interaction with teacher = great motivation & success

Giftedness: exceptional intellectual strength

Usually measured with a high IQ: 130+, but now includes talent

-the most exceptional performance is creativity

Special Education Needs

kids need the least restrictive environment that meets their educational needs

-Some students experience full inclusion

-Combination of resources rooms and partial inclusion may work best

triarchic theory of intelligence

Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative and practical dimensions

Practical (Sternberg)

street smarts and common sense

Analytical (Sternberg)

academic problem solving & computation

Creative (sternberg)

imaginative & innovative problem solving

Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory

intelligence is not just one dominant ability, outlines 8 different intelligence

Morality

principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.

-rules stem from agreement and can change

-must obey rules

-guilt can motivate behavior

-considering intentions and context of violations is a huge step forward

-social convention: changes based on agreement

Autonomous Morality (Piaget)

stage at which a person understands that people make rules and that punishments are not automatic.

Distributive justice

how to divide goods fairly

-children begin to understand the need to balance competing claims and begin to coordinate merit, need, and equity

concrete stage of cognitive development

Piaget, begins around age 6-7, able to think logically, able to reverse an action or operation, still have trouble understanding abstract concepts or hypothetical situations, can draw generalizations from specific situations

Conservation (Piaget)

Understanding that something stays the same quantity even though appearance changes

Reversability

understanding that an action can be reversed

Classification

ability to classify objects based on color, size, etc

Seriation

Ability to mentally arrange items along a quantifiable dimension, such as height or weight

Transitive influence

ability to seriate 3 objects mentally (A>B)

Spatial reasoning

Ability to think about and manipulate objects in 3 dimensions

information processing theory

theory proposing that human cognition consists of mental hardware and mental software

-children are able to take in more info, process it more accurately & quickly, and retain it more effectively.

working memory

benefits from increased efficiency of thinking. Can be increased through direct training.

-expands rapidly, by 8 children can recall about half as many items as adults on average

executive function

Improves, supporting gains in planning, strategic thinking, and self-monitoring; Is influenced by combination of heredity and environmental factors.

Metamemory

understanding memory & using strategies to improve it

What are the 3 strategies for metamemory?

Rehearsal- repeating information to obtain it

Organization - categorizing information

Elaboration - create a story to link the material to be remembered

Aggression: how do boys and girls differ?

-Girls express more happiness & sadness, relational aggression

-Boys show more anger & exhibit more verbal and physical aggression

Who is the typical abuser?

Known males

child abuse outcomes

social withdrawal, aggression, poor academic achievement, engaging in risky behavior, PTSD, altered neural function in areas of the brain for emotional regulation

competence

A measurable pattern of knowledge, skill, abilities, behaviors, and other characteristics that an individual needs to perform work roles or occupational functions successfully

problem-centered coping

when the situation is changeable, identify the difficulty, decide what to do about it. Fix it.

emotion-centered coping

- used if problem-centered coping does not work

- situation seen as unchangeable

- internal private control of distress

Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)

6-12 yrs, good: competence, exercise his/her abilities and intelligence in the world, be able to affect world in the way that the child desires bad: inadequacy, low self esteem

Freud stage

entering latency

Friendships

Serve as a source of companionship, stimulation, & affection.

-children tend to choose friends based on proximity & similarity

-TRUST is important & kids become more selective

Gender typing

child adopts behaviors they believe are apart of their gender

-children express gender knowledge as rigid rules which influence their preferences for toys, activities, and playmates. Prefer same sex peers

Gender typicality

degree to which a child feels similar to those of the same gender

Gender contendness

degree to which child feels comfortable with his/her gender assignment

Gender Differences: Stereotypes vs. Reality

-gender stereotypes influence children's preferences and views of their abilities

-boys are more physically active and higher risk of injury

-boys have advantage in mental rotation

-girls have advantage in reading comprehension & verbal fluency tasks (gone by adulthood) and are better able to manage emotion than boys

Most common source of unintentional injury?

Motor vehicle accidents

-children from low SES homes have higher rates of injury & mortality

Securely attached children is correlated with....

Parental support of autonomy: best provide parental oversight with child making moment to moment decisions (coregulation), simple reminders

Harsh parenting & poor parent-child relationships

poor adjustment, antisocial activity, delinquency & adolescence

Siblings

provides social support & a safe space to practice social skills

-sibling rivalry may result in some fighting & violence

-sibling victimization increases with family adversities and declines as families adjust to overcome adversity

Same-sex parents

No difference in child adjustment

Succeed just as well as other children socially, academically and have just as high self esteem

-poor adjustment is linked to other factors than parents sexuality (nonsupport by community is the problem)

Single parent families

Children in single parent families show more: physical & mental health problems, poorer academic achievement, less social competence, behavior problems

Divorce

-reduced stress with low level parental (need to coparent), positive interactions with noncustodial parenting

-consequences affected by age, temperament, sex of the child

-parenting strategies matter

Cohabitating

-children develop well when close relationships, union is stable

-differences in socioeconomic status effect the development of children

-effect on children may vary with contextual norms

blended family

a family composed of a biological parent & nonrelated adult

-best when stepparent builds warm relationship & adopts role slowly rather than force/rush

-children reared in stepfamilies do not differ from those raised in single parent families

Monitoring styles

less direct management and instead begin to share power- guiding and monitoring children's behavior from a distance, communicating expectations, and allowing children to be in charge of moment-to-moment decision making

-harsh monitoring styles in middle childhood tend to worsen an are associated with poor adjustment & antisocial activity

peers as a learning tool

teaches children about fairness, reciprocity, and social skills

perspective taking

the social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings

popular children

skilled in emotional regulation and information processing

neglected children

children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

controversial children

children who are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked (positive & negative)

rejected children

children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers