Behavior Disorders Final

What traits are men most often shown in?

Aggression and detachment

What traits are women most often shown in?

deference to others and insecurity in interpersonal relationships

What gender is Anti-personality disorder shown in?

More often in male

What gender is dependent personality shown in?

more often in women

What is Cluster A?

Odd or Eccentric

• Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorder

What is Cluster B?

Dramatic or Erratic

• Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorder

What is Cluster C?

Anxious or fearful

• Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Paranoid

Distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent

Schizoid

Pulling away from other people and not showing many emotions around them.

Schizotypal

Having trouble with social situations and close relationships, feeling uncomfortable around others, and sometimes thinking or behaving in unusual or odd ways.

• Mild expression of “schizophrenia genes”

Histrionic

Excessive emotion and attention seeking

Psychopathy

A personality pattern where someone consistently shows little empathy or guilt, acts in manipulative or harmful ways, and often breaks rules without feeling bad about it.

Sociopathy

A pattern of behavior where a person has little regard for rules or others’ feelings, struggles to form stable relationships, and may act impulsively or irresponsibly.

Dialectical behavior therapy

A type of therapy that helps people manage big emotions, handle stress in healthier ways, and improve their relationships.

Childhood-onset fluency disorder

• often called stuttering

• occurs twice as often in boys and girls

Language disorder

• limited speech in all situations

• occurs in 10% - 15% of children younger than 3 years of age

Social (pragmatic) communication disorder

Difficulties with the social aspects of verbal and nonverbal communication

Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

Central features are inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity

• boys outnumber girls

Specific Learning Disorders

scope of learning disorders

• Academic problems in reading, mathematics, and/or writing

• Highest rate of diagnosis in wealthier regions

Autism spectrum disorder

Problems occur in language, socialization, and cognition

• problems in Communication and social interaction

• Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Childhood disintegrative disorder

a very rare condition where a young child develops normally for a few years, but then suddenly loses skills they already had.

Rett disorder

a genetic condition, almost always affecting girls, where they develop normally for the first 6–18 months and then begin to lose skills like hand use, speech, and coordination.

Joint attention

the ability to communicate interest in an
external stimulus and another person at the same time

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Intellectual disability, symptoms of cerebral palsy, self-injurious behavior

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Cannot break down phenylalanine, which is found in some foods

• results in intellectual disability when the individual eats protein

Down syndrome

Most common chromosomal cause of intellectual disability

• Extra 21st chromosome (Trisomy 21)

• Distinctive physical symptoms

Fragile X syndrome

Symptoms include learning disabilities, hyperactivity, short attention span,
gaze avoidance, perseverative speech

• primarily affects males

Cultural-familial intellectual disability

Refers to intellectual disability
influenced by social environmental factors, such as:

• abuse

• neglect

• social deprivation

Delirium

temporary confusion and disorientation

• impaired consciousness and cognition

• develops rapidly over days or hours

• Drugs such as Ecstasy, “Molly,” and “bath salts” can cause substance-induced delirium

Major or mild neurocognitive disorder

broad cognitive deterioration affecting multiple domains

What could delirium be caused by?

• dementia

• head injury

• sleep deprivation

• drug intoxication, withdrawl

What groups of people are dementia more prevalent in?

• Less educated people

• slightly more common in women

Aphasia

difficulty with language

Apraxia

impaired motor functioning

Agnosia

failure to recognize objects

Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder

Caused by blockage or damage to blood vessels

• Onset is often sudden (e.g., stroke)

• Risk slightly higher in men

Pick’s Disease

• Produces a cortical dementia like Alzheimer’s

• Occurs relatively early in life (around 40s or 50s)

• causing major changes in personality, behavior, and language.

Huntington’s disease

genetic autosomal dominant disorder
• Caused by a gene on chromosome 4
• Manifests initially as involuntary limb movements (chorea), usually later in life
• Dementia follows a subcortical pattern

Prion Disease

• Disorder of proteins in the brain that reproduce and cause damage
• No known treatment, always fatal
• Can only be acquired through cannibalism or accidental transmission
(e.g., contaminated blood transfusion)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

• Affects 1 out of 1,000,000 people
• Linked to mad cow disease

Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder

Has two primary variants: declines in appropriate
behavior and declines in language.

Deterministic genes

Rare genes that inevitably lead to Alzheimer’s

Susceptibility genes

Make it more likely but not certain to develop Alzheimer’s

Civil commitment laws

• When a person can be legally declared
  to have a mental illness and be placed in a hospital for treatment
  • Involves legal definition of mental illness
  • Civil commitment laws in the United States date back to the late 19th century
  • Laws vary by state

Criminal commitment

insanity defense

Parens patriae

state acts a surrogate parent (a person receives care to
prevent them from being in danger)

Deinstitutionalization

Movement of people with mental illness out of
institutions

Transinstitutionalization

People with mental illness have been moved out of large mental hospitals to other institutions, including prisons and nursing homes

M’Naghten rule

Inability to distinguish right from wrong

Durham rule

Crime was the product of a mental illness

diminished capacity

reduced ability to understand their behavior

John Hinckley Jr.

Tried to assassinate Ronald Raegen

• After he was found not guilty by insanity, 75% of states moved to abolish or change the
  insanity defense

• • Spend more time in mental hospitals than in jail

Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California

If a therapist learns that a patient is planning to seriously harm someone, the therapist has a legal duty to warn or protect the intended victim.

Thompson v. County of Alameda

Therapists are not required to warn people unless there is a specific, identifiable victim.

Expert witness

a trained professional (usually a psychologist) who is asked to explain psychological concepts or evaluate people for the court in a way that regular people (including the judge and jury) can understand.

Clinical efficacy axis

involves thorough consideration of scientific
evidence to determine whether intervention is effective compared to alternative treatment

Clinical utility axis

a scale or dimension that tells you how useful a diagnosis, test, or assessment is for helping a patient in the real world.