Chemistry 8(paper2)

7 and 8

what are the positive ions in ionic bonding called?

cations

what are the negative ions in ionic bonding called?

Anions

what is the flame colour for sodium?

yellow

what is the flame colour for calcium?

brick red

what is the flame colour of potassium?

lilac

what is the flame colour for lithium?

crimson

what is the flame colour for copper?

green

what colour does copper(II) turn with sodium hydroxied?

blue

what colour does iron (II) turn with sodium hydroxide?

green

what colour does iron (III) turn with sodium hydroxide?

brown

what happens to aluminium when mixed with sodium hydroxide?

white and doesn’t dissolve

what happens to calcium when mixed with sodium hydroxide?

white and doesnt dissolve

what happens to magnesium when mixed with sodium hydroxide?

cloudy and doesnt dissolve

why would you use the sodium hydroxide test over the flame test?

used to test for insoluble metal ions that could be mixed with others

what are the cation tests?

flame

sodium hydroxide

what are the type of Anions?

carbonates

sulfates

Halides

how do you test for carbonate anions?

add dilute acid to sodium carbonate and bubble the gas through lime water

what should the results be from testing for carbonate anions?

bubbles, fizzing, cloudy lime water

how do you test for halide anions?

add nitric acid and silver nitrate

what should the result be from the halide test on potassium chloride?

white precipitate

what should the result be from the halide test on potassium bromide?

cream precipitate

what should the result be from the halide test on potassium iodide?

yellow precipitate

how do you test for sodium anions?

add dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride to magnesium

what should be the result of the sodium anion test?

fizzing, white, bubbles

how old is the earth?

4\.6 billion years old

what happened 4.6 billion years ago?

rocks crashed creating the earth and volcanoes

what did volcanoes on the surface have?

co2, water vapour and nitrogen

what happened 4 billion years ago?

vapour collected and precipitation creating oceans and sedimentary rocks

what happened 2 billion years ago?

plant life developed

photosynthesis, oxygen increased co2 decreased

what happened 800 million years ago?

animal life developed,

respiration, oxygen decreased co2 increased, balance

what are the two ways fossil fuels are made?

from swamps and marine life

what type of fossil fuels do swamps make?

coal

what type of fossil fuels do marine life make?

oil and gas

what is the process of making fossil fuels using swamps?

peat (high pressure and temp)

ignite(high pressure and temp)

coal

what increases co2 levels?

volcanoes

respiration

combustion

what decreases co2 levels?

ocean

photosynthesis

sedimentary rocks

formation of fossils

what are the 4 green house gases?

water vapour

co2

methane

nitrous oxide

why is there global warming?

when radiation is emitted it has short waves so it can leave then when re emitted it has long waves heating up the plant

what are the results of climate change?

change in weather

flooding

storms

desertification

droughts

define formulation

a mixture with a set recipe

define qualitative

testing that relies on observations

define quantitative

relies on measurements

why is it better to use flame emission spectroscopy?

it can detect a smaller amount of metal ion

how do you test for H2(hydrogen) and the result?

lit splint it will then make a popping sound

how do you test for oxygen and the result?

glowing splint, shine, white, black steam

how do you test for co2 and result?

lime water, cloudy

how do you test for cl2 and result?

place damp litmus paper over chlorine, it will give of gas, bleached litmus paper