Structure and Function of the Muscular, Neuromuscular, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Systems

Flashcards about muscular, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems.

What is the role of the skeletal system?

Provides leverage, support, and protection; pulled on by muscles to allow the body to push or pull against external objects.

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Skull, vertebral column (C1-coccyx), ribs, and sternum.

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Shoulder girdle; bones of the arms, wrists, hands, and pelvic girdle; and bones of the legs, ankles, and feet.

What is a fibrous joint?

Allow virtually no movement (e.g., sutures of the skull).

What is a cartilaginous joint?

Allow limited movement (e.g., intervertebral discs).

What is a synovial joint?

Allow considerable movement (e.g., elbows and knees).

What is a uniaxial joint?

Operate as a hinge, rotate about one axis (e.g., elbow).

What is a biaxial joint?

Operate in two perpendicular axes (e.g., ankle and wrist).

What is a multiaxial joint?

Allow movement in all three axes (e.g., shoulder and hip).

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

5

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

3-5

What does each skeletal muscle contain?

Muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels.

What is the epimysium?

Covers the body’s more than 430 skeletal muscles.

What is the perimysium?

Surrounds each fasciculus.

What is the endomysium?

Surrounds individual muscle fibers.

What does a motor unit consist of?

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

How does an action potential affect muscle tension?

The discharge of an action potential from a motor nerve signals the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibril, causing tension development in muscle.

What is the sliding-filament theory of muscular contraction?

Actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber.

What is necessary for crossbridge cycling with actin and myosin filaments?

Calcium and ATP.

What causes the release of acetylcholine?

Arrival of the action potential at the nerve terminal.

What is acetylcholine?

A neurotransmitter.

What is the all-or-none principle?

All of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract and develop force at the same time.

What are the different types of muscle fibers?

Type I (slow-twitch), Type IIa (fast-twitch), and Type IIx (fast-twitch).

What is the motor neuron size of the Type I muscle fibers?

Small

What is the motor neuron size of the Type IIa and IIx muscle fibers?

Large

What is the recruitment threshold of the Type I muscle fibers?

Low

What is the recruitment threshold of the Type IIa muscle fibers?

Intermediate/High

What is the recruitment threshold of the Type IIx muscle fibers?

High

What is the purpose of proprioceptors

Provide the central nervous system with information needed to maintain muscle tone and perform complex coordinated movements

What is the process of muscle spindles

When a muscle is stretched, deformation of the muscle spindle activates the sensory neuron, which sends an impulse to the spinal cord, where it synapses with a motor neuron, causing the muscle to contract

What are golgi tendon organs (GTO)

Are proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction

How can athletes improve force production

Incorporate phases of training that use heavier loads in order to optimize neural recruitment

How can athletes improve force production?

Increase the cross-sectional area of muscles involved in the desired activity

How can athletes improve force production?

Perform multimuscle, multijoint exercises that can be done with more explosive actions to optimize fast-twitch muscle recruitment

What is the function of the heart's ventricles?

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.

What are the four main valves of the heart?

Tricuspid valve and mitral (bicuspid) valve, Aortic valve and pulmonary valve

What is the function of the conduction system of the heart?

Controls the mechanical contraction of the heart

What systems influence the rhythmicity and conduction properties of the myocardium?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Define bradycardia

<60 beats/min

Define tachycardia

100 beats/min

What are the two main components of the system of blood vessels?

The arterial system carries blood away from the heart and the venous system returns blood toward the heart

How does the skeletal muscle pump works with the venous system

Contraction compress veins which facilitates blood being returned to the heart

What are the two paramount functions of blood?

Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues for use in cellular metabolism and the removal of carbon dioxide.

What are the functions of Hemoglobin

Transport oxygen and serves as an acid–base buffer

What are the function of red blood cells

Facilitates carbon dioxide removal

What is the primary function of the respiratory system

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

The amount and movement of air and expired gases in and out of the lungs are controlled by

expansion and recoil of the lungs

How important is it to train the muscles of respiration?

Regular exercise is beneficial for maintaining respiratory muscle function

What type of exercises are beneficial for the respiratory system

Endurance exercise involves repetitive contraction of the respiratory muscles and Resistive exercise taxes the diaphragm and abdominal muscles

Why is knowledge of musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory anatomy and physiology important for S&C professionals?

Necessary for developing training strategies that will meet the specific needs of your athletes!