rewri last summative

intertext

The reader gets to understand the context of the piece through other texts which parallel in terms of plot, characters, premise, and the like.

hypertext

the reader gets to understand the context of the piece and its intended interpretation since the author provides help and guidance by giving outside links and references.

simple reading

their purpose is only to get the gist or the main idea of the text.

critical reading

their purpose is to recognize the main idea in order to reflect on its validity

critical thinking

pertains to one’s ability to engage in reflective thinking, make reasoned judgments, and assess the way one thinks.

Getting the Main Idea

Recognize that a text is also a presentation in that it has the main idea that can be found in the beginning, middle, or end.

Summarizing

After reading a considerably lengthy text, write the main topic and the conclusion in 1 - 3 sentences. If you can’t, this only means that you haven’t grasped the idea and you should consider re-reading.

determining fact from opinion

Identify which ideas are factual. Verify whether the sources are reliable.

making inference

constructing educated guesses about the text. This is especially necessary when the main idea is implicit. Answer the question, “What is the author not saying?”

drawing conclusion

Think of the time that you draw conclusions as the moment of truth.

claim

an assumption, the focus of an argument, what you are trying to prove, a statement not a question, defined as the author's approach to the topic to see the main arguments.

claim of fact

presents an argument about a quantifiable and debatable topic. It clearly states the main argument and defines vague and controversial terms. It only asserts a stand regarding a debatable topic. It debates whether something is true or false. It is supported with factual information such as statistics, testimony, scientific research, and observation.

claim of policy

asserts the implementation of a certain policy. This is driven by the need to present a solution to a problem. It states solutions and plans that are procedural and organized. It is also a response to the"claim of fact" by presenting a procedural and organized way of proving or disproving the argument presented.

claim of value

argues whether something is good or bad. It is based on judgment and evaluation on a philosophical, aesthetic, or moral standpoint. It is subjective by nature but it is also assessed on accurate information.

logical fallacy

are errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument.

false dilemma

it occurs when the arguer presents his / her arguments as one of the only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities or options. (Narrowing down the options)

appeal to ignorance

It occurs when something is instantly concluded although the argument was not yet proven to be true or false. (Jumping to conclusion)

slippery slope

it occurs when an exaggerated and superficial series of events were drawn out from a simple argument. (Overreacting to an argument)

appeal to force

it occurs when a threat is used instead of reasoning.

appeal to pity

it occurs when the element of pity is used instead of reasoning.

bandwagon

It occurs when the argument was accepted or was considered to be valid since the "majority" agrees and believes in it.

Attacking the person

It occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the character of the person instead of attacking the argument itself.

appeal to authority

It occurs when the arguer or the argument quotes an expert who is not qualified in the given subject matter.

anonymous authority

It occurs when the authority in question was not named or mentioned

hasty generalization

It occurs when a sample is not enough to draw a generalization for a certain population. (Stereotyping)

evaluative statement

offers valid judgment, given on a set of standards. It explains why strength is a strength and a weakness is a weakness.