Exam Review #3: Cranial Nerves, Heart Blood Flow, and Respiratory System

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering the cranial nerves, cardiovascular flow, and respiratory anatomy and physiology from the Chapter 23 and 24 exam review.

Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory)

Responsible for the sense of smell.

Cranial Nerve II (Optic)

Responsible for vision.

Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)

Responsible for eye movement and pupil constriction.

Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear)

Responsible for the superior oblique muscle movements of the eye.

Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)

Responsible for facial sensation and mastication (chewing).

Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens)

Responsible for the lateral rectus muscle movements of the eye.

Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)

Responsible for facial expression and taste on the anterior $2/3$ of the tongue.

Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

Responsible for hearing and balance.

Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)

Responsible for taste on the posterior $1/3$ of the tongue and swallowing.

Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)

Responsible for parasympathetic control, swallowing, and voice.

Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory)

Responsible for head and shoulder movement.

Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)

Responsible for tongue movement.

Path of Blood Flow through the Heart

Body → SVC/IVC → Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary semilunar valve → Pulmonary trunk/arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Mitral valve → Left ventricle → Aortic semilunar valve → Aorta → Body.

Right Lung Anatomy

Consists of 3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.

Left Lung Anatomy

Consists of 2 lobes (superior and inferior), the cardiac notch, and the lingula.

Functions of the Respiratory System

Gas exchange, pH regulation, voice production, olfaction, warming/filtering/humidifying air, and immune defense.

Types of Tonsils

Palatine, pharyngeal (adenoids), and lingual; they function to trap pathogens.

Anatomical Dead Space

Space within the conducting airways where no gas exchange occurs.

Physiological Dead Space

The sum of anatomical dead space and alveoli that are not participating in gas exchange.

Upper Respiratory Tract

Consists of the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx.

Lower Respiratory Tract

Consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli/lungs.

Thymus

A primary lymphoid organ in the mediastinum; site of T-cell maturation; largest in childhood and involutes with age.

Cribriform Plate

Part of the ethmoid bone that the olfactory nerve passes through; a fracture may cause a CSF leak and loss of smell.

Boyle's Law

States that pressure and volume are inversely related ($P ↑ V ↓$; $P ↓ V ↑$).

Inspiration Mechanics

The diaphragm contracts, thoracic volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure falls, and air enters the lungs.

Expiration Mechanics

Usually passive; the diaphragm relaxes, thoracic volume decreases, pressure rises, and air exits the lungs.

Surfactant

Produced by type II alveolar cells; reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse.

Epiglottis

An elastic cartilage flap that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.

Accessory Muscles of Inspiration

SCM (sternocleidomastoid), scalenes, and pectoralis minor.

Accessory Muscles of Forced Expiration

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.

Trachea

Conducts air and contains C-shaped cartilage to prevent collapse; uses a mucociliary escalator to remove debris.

Asthma

A respiratory pathology characterized by bronchoconstriction.

COPD

A combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Atelectasis

Collapse of the alveoli.

Pneumothorax

The presence of air in the pleural space.

Pleural Effusion

The presence of fluid in the pleural space.

ARDS

Severe inflammatory lung injury (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome).