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What does electronegativity indicate?
The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond.
Explain hybridization in chemistry.
The process of combining atomic orbitals to create new hybrid orbitals for bonding.
What are transition metals?
Elements that have partially filled d orbitals and exhibit variable oxidation states.
What is a ligand in coordination chemistry?
A molecule or ion that donates a pair of electrons to a central metal ion in a complex.
What are the key features of metals?
Metals are typically malleable, ductile, conductive, and have a lustrous appearance.
What is the significance of the periodic table's organization?
It reflects the periodic trends in element properties such as atomic size, electronegativity, and ionization energy.
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers, meaning each electron has a unique state.
Explain the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions.
Endothermic reactions absorb heat, while exothermic reactions release heat.
What is a titration?
A technique used to determine the concentration of a solute in a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.
Define a redox reaction.
A reaction involving the transfer of electrons between two species, leading to changes in oxidation states.
What is a quantum number?
A number that describes the properties of atomic orbitals and the electrons in those orbitals.
What is the concept of oxidation states?
The charge of an atom in a compound, indicating its ability to donate or accept electrons during a chemical reaction.
What characterizes a polar molecule?
A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, resulting in partial positive and negative poles.
What is enthalpy?
The total heat content of a system, used in thermodynamics to describe energy changes.
Define a ligand in coordination chemistry.
A molecule or ion that donates a pair of electrons to a central metal ion to form a coordination complex.
What is an ionic compound?
A compound formed from the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
What are the five steps of a mass spectrometer?
Ionization - atoms are ionized to form charged particles. 2. Acceleration - ions are accelerated by an electric field. 3. Deflection - ions are deflected in a magnetic field based on their mass-to-charge ratio. 4. Detection - ions are detected, usually by a mass detector. 5. Data analysis - results are analyzed to determine the masses and abundances of isotopes.
What is oxidation?
Oxidation is the loss of electrons by an atom or ion during a chemical reaction.