missed from practice exam

Anterior synonym

Ventral, anterior and ventral both mean toward the front of the body

Posterior synonym

Dorsal, posterior and dorsal both mean toward the back of the body

Dorsal

Means toward the back, a synonym for posterior

Ventral

Means toward the front, a synonym for anterior

Distal

Away from the point of attachment

Proximal

Towards the point of attachment

Peripheral

Toward the outward surface of the body, a separate concept from proximal and distal

Directional term families

Superior and inferior form one axis, anterior and posterior or ventral and dorsal form another axis, and proximal and distal or peripheral and central form a third axis, these families should not be mixed together

Vertebral foramen

The large hole in the middle of a vertebra, also called the central canal, where the spinal cord passes through

Body of vertebra versus vertebral foramen

The body or corpus is the solid, weight bearing front part of the vertebra, while the vertebral foramen is the hollow opening, these are two different structures

Muscle contraction direction

Muscles can only shorten when they contract, they never lengthen during contraction, lengthening only happens when a muscle relaxes

Vital capacity versus resting expiratory level

Vital capacity is the quantity of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, a volume measurement, while resting expiratory level is the equilibrium point between the lungs and ribcage, a balance of forces, not a volume

Thoracic volume and alveolar pressure

A decrease in thoracic volume causes an increase in alveolar pressure, following Boyle's Law

Alveolar pressure equalizing target

When the lungs are compressed, alveolar pressure rises and then returns toward atmospheric pressure specifically, not a general or vague air pressure

Speech breathing key difference

The key difference in speech breathing compared to quiet respiration is a greater quantity of air inhaled, not a slower rate of inhalation

Pectoralis major medial attachments

Clavicle, sternum, and ribs, the scapula is not one of pectoralis major's attachments

Muscles of exhalation basic pair

External obliques and rectus abdominis are commonly tested as the core muscles of exhalation, sternocleidomastoid is never a muscle of exhalation since it is a muscle of inhalation

Speech as an overlaid function

Means that the structures and systems used for speech have a primary purpose of sustaining life, such as breathing and swallowing, and speech is layered on top of that primary survival function rather than being their original purpose