Physio-Micro Anatomy: Embryology

What is the technical definition of pathology?

science of the causes and effects of disease

How is pathology utilized in daily use?

Finds the abnormalities in structure and function that contribute to disease

What is Histology?

the way normal tissues look under the microscope

What are lesions?

any abnormality in a tissue/organ

How are lesions assesed?

assessed grossly or microscopically

What are examples of different lesions?

hemorrhage, hyperplasia, inflammation, cysts, necrosis, and tumors

What are Hemorrhages?

bleeding (blood outside of blood vessels)

What is hyperplasia?

increase in the number of cells in an area

What are cysts?

fluid filled, epithelial lined structures

What is necrosis?

dead cells

What is inflammation?

when the body purposefully sends more blood to an area in response to warning signals

What does the increased blood flow from inflammation do?

makes the inflamed tissue appear red

What does the blood at an inflammation site contain?

white blood cells and inflammatory mediators that help attack invaders

How are inflamed tissues named?

tissue type + itis

What is the name for inflamed bone?

osteitis

What is the name for an inflamed eye?

conjunctivitis

What is the name for an inflamed abdominal cavity?

peritonitis

What is the name for inflamed skin?

dermatitis

What is the name for an inflamed liver?

hepatitis

What is gastrulation?

stage where three primary germ layers are formed

How does embryology begin?

the fertilized ovum divides to produce two daughter cells (blastomeres)

What does the repeated division of blastomeres give rise to?

morula

What are the superficial cells on the morula?

trophoblasts (give rise to trophectoderm)

What are the cells inside the morula?

embryoblasts

What do the trophoblasts and embryoblast merge to form?

epiblasts (embryonic disc)

What do the cells from the embryonic disc form?

ectoderm and mesoderm

How do cells begin to separate in embyrology?

the cells make fluid which separates them and forms the blastocyst cavity

What does the trophoblast go on to form?

ectoderm

What does the inner cell mass (hypoblasts) on the blastocoele/blastocyst cavity become?

endoderm

What structure does the blastocyst cavity become?

primitive yolk sac

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

skin and nervous system

What does the endoderm give rise to?

lines gastrointestinal, lines respiratory tract, lines urinary bladder, liver, and pancreas

What structures does the mesoderm give rise to?

bone, muscle, connective tissue, urogenital, and circulatory system

What two layers give rise to epithelial tissues?

ectoderm and endoderm

What tissues does the mesoderm give rise to?

mesenchymal tissues (connective and bone)

What is a tumor?

swelling mass or nodule

What is a cysts?

epithelial-lined tumor, often fluid filled

What is an abscess?

inflammatory mass

What is neoplasia?

new growth as a result of altered uncontrolled growth

How are neoplasmas named?

end in the suffix oma

What are benign tumors that form in the ectoderm or endoderm?

adenoma

What are benign tumors that form in the mesoderm?

fibroma

What are maglinant tumors?

cancer

What is the word to describe the spread of a tumor?

metastasizing

What are malignant tumors that originate in the ectoderm and endoderm?

carcinoma

What are malignant tumors that originate in the mesoderm?

sarcoma

How is the notochord formed?

epiblasts that migrated condense and form the notochord

What is the importance of the notochord?

induces the development of neuroectoderm

What does the notochord form?

mesoderm

How is the neuroectoderm formed?

ectoderm pinches over the notochord

How is the neural tube formed?

neuroectoderm invaginates and pinches off completely to form the neural tube

What two structures does the neural tube give rise to?

brain and spinal cord

What is the lumen?

space inside a tubular structure

What is the lumen of the neural tube filled with?

cerebrospinal fluid

What system does the lumen of the neural tube become?

the lumen of neural tube gives rise to the ventricular system

Other than the ventricular system, what does the lumen fold into?

central canal that runs the length of spinal cord

What is spina bifida?

neural tube fails to close

What system do neural crest cells give rise to?

neural crest cells give rise to peripheral nervous system

What is the peripheral nervous system?

all nerves and ganglions not associated with the head

What cells do the neural crest cells produce?

Adrenal medullary cells and melanocytes

What happens when neural crest cells fail to migrate?

melanocytes, autonomic ganglions, and other cells faill

What happens when autonomic ganglion cells fail to migrate?

Abnormal development of the colon in utero, called colonic aganglionosis

What is a small non motile colon called?

hypomotile colon

What are benign neural crest cell tumors?

melanocytoma

What are malignant tumors of neural crest cells called?

malignant melanoma

What is the order of the placental membranes?

Amnion, Yolk Sac, Allantois, and Chorion

How do the intestinal and urinary tracts separate?

the urorectal septum pushes down to separate them

What does the bladder form from?

endoderm and/or allantois

What connects the allantois and bladder?

urachus

What is the function of the urachus?

urine is stored in the urinary bladder, passes through the urachus, and eventually exits through mom

What is a patent urachus?

Failure of the urachus to close after birth

What are the consequences of a patent urachus?

urine will leak which invites infection

What is an umbilical hernia?

a hole in the body wall but not the skin

What is a physiologic umbilical hernia?

intestines spill out through the umbilicus

What two structures sprout from the proximal duodenum?

liver and pancreas

What happens if the anal membrane does not break down?

Atresia Ani

What are the consequences of atresia ani?

Baby cannot poop

What structure sprouts from primitive gut to form the pancrease?

pancreatic duct

What structure originally spouts from primitive gut to form the gallbladder and liver?

bile duct

What is parenchyma?

cells that make the organ function

What is stroma?

supportive framework

What is an example of stroma?

connective tissue and blood vessels

The trachea is sprouted from what a gives rise to what?

endoderm/primitive gut and the lungs

How do the kidneys form?

ureteric buds arise from the bladder to form the ureters. The ureters then induce the formation of kidneys from the mesoderm

What do primitive kidneys give rise to?

mesonephric ducts

What do the mesonephric duct and tubules give rise to?

tubular genitalia

What does the mesonephros give rise to?

gonads

Where do blood vessels form?

mesoderm

What are blood islands?

mesoderm cells aggregating to eventually form blood vessels

How do the bulbus cordis, ventricle, and atrium form?

fusion of cardiac tubes

What does the tube divide into as it folds?

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle

What is a ventricular septal defect?

intraventricular septum does not go all the way up

Where does the blood detour in the fetus?

lungs and liver

Why does it bypass the lung?

fetus is not breathing in oxygen

Why does blood bypass the liver?

fetus is not eating

What diverts blood around the liver?

ductus venosus

How does fetal blood circulation occur?

blood flows in from mom through the umbilical vein, goes through the ductus venous and dumps into the caudal vena cava, then goes into the right side of the heart.

What is a patent ductus venosus?

ductus venosus remains open after animal is born

What are the consequences of a patent ductus venosus?

Trouble metabolizing nutrients resulting in stunted growth, metabolic abnormalities, and neurobehavioral abnormalities.

The patent ductus venosus is the most common

intrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts