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Black Death

also known as the Bubonic Plague, was a devastating pandemic that swept through Europe in the 14th century, killing a significant portion of the population. It had profound social, economic, and cultural impacts, leading to labor shortages and changes in the social structure.

**Decameron**:

is a collection of stories written by Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio during the plague years. It presents a frame narrative of ten young people telling tales to entertain each other while they isolate themselves from the plague. It offers insights into the society and culture of the time.

**Flagellants**:

individuals who engaged in self-flagellation (whipping themselves) as a form of religious penance, often in response to calamities like the Black Death. They believed that their acts of self-punishment could appease God's wrath and halt the spread of the disease.

Pogroms

violent and organized attacks, often directed against Jewish communities. They were driven by religious, ethnic, or political motives and were sadly common in various periods of history.

Labor Shortage

significant loss of life due to the Black Death led to a shortage of available labor. This had economic and social consequences, as it gave more bargaining power to laborers and contributed to the decline of feudalism.

Hundred Year’s War

series of conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France, lasting intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The war had significant military, political, and social implications for both nations.

Longbow

powerful and innovative weapon used by English archers during the Hundred Years' War. It played a crucial role in several battles, particularly at the Battle of Agincourt.

Scutage

payment made by a vassal to his lord in lieu of military service. It allowed knights and nobles to avoid participating in wars directly, providing the monarch with funds to hire professional soldiers.

Republic of Florence

city-state in Italy, is renowned for its republican form of government during the Renaissance. It was a major center of cultural, artistic, and economic development.

great Schism

multiple pope thing

Petrarch

Italian poet and scholar known as the "Father of Humanism." He played a key role in the revival of classical texts and the development of Renaissance thought.

Changing Gender Roles

caused by events like the Black Death and the Hundred Years' War led to shifts in societal norms, including changes in gender roles as women took on new responsibilities due to labor shortages

Parliament

legislative body that represents the people in various countries. It plays a crucial role in making and passing laws and overseeing the government.

House of Lords

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 upper house of the British Parliament, composed of nobles and bishops. It traditionally held more conservative and aristocratic views.

House of Commons

lower house of the British Parliament, made up of elected representatives. It represents the interests of the general population and holds significant legislative power.

Third Estate

 represented the common people, including merchants, peasants, and laborers, who were distinct from the nobility (First Estate) and clergy (Second Estate).

Estates General

representative assembly in France that included representatives from the three estates: clergy, nobility, and commoners. It was convened by the monarch for important matters.

HRE

complex political entity in Central Europe that lasted for over millennia.

Electors

princes and bishops who had the authority to elect the Holy Roman Emperor.

Italian City States

 Independent urban centers in Italy during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, known for their significant cultural, artistic, and economic contributions.

Avignon Papacy

Babylonian Captivity, it was a period when the papal residence was moved from Rome to Avignon, France, leading to a decline in the prestige of the papacy.

Vernacular

 everyday spoken language of a region, as opposed to formal or literary language. Many authors, including Dante and Boccaccio, began writing in their native vocabularies, contributing to the development of national literature.

Christine De Pizan

An Italian-French writer and feminist of the late medieval period, known for her works challenging traditional gender roles and promoting the capabilities of women.

Cannons

powerful firearms

Feudalism

A medieval social, economic, and political system characterized by a hierarchical structure where land was exchanged for military service and loyalty

Manorialism

involved the relationship between peasants and their lord, where peasants worked on the lord's estate in exchange for protection and resources.

Catholic Church

 dominant Christian institution with a profound influence on European history, culture, and politics during the Middle Ages and beyond.

Excomunication

severe religious penalty imposed by the Catholic Church, involving the expulsion of an individual from the church community and denial of sacraments.

Sacraments

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Important religious rituals in Christianity, such as baptism and communion, are believed to convey divine grace. you needed these to get to heaven

Crusades

series of religious and military campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church with the aim of regaining control of the Holy Land from Muslim rule. They had significant cultural, economic, and political effects on Europe and the Middle East.