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primary source
first hand account
archaeologist
someone who studies artefacts
anthropologist
someone who studies society (past or present)
secondary source
culmination of primary sources
historical context
the conditions or events that led to the development of the source
point of view
the author’s opinion or view of a subject
bias
opinion/perspective not based on facts
reliability
can a source be used and/or trusted
audience
the individual or group for whom the source was created
purpose
the reason a record, document, or source was produced
geographic context
where a historical development took place and why it happened there
chronological reasoning
understand the order of events, how one event leads to the next
multiple perspectives
two or more points of views (similar or different) on an event or issue
corroborate
to support with evidence, to prove something is true
political geography
nations, capitals, cities, borders
topography
physical features on the earth: mountains, rivers, deserts, lakes, oceans, etc.
demography
study of people and where they live
paleolithic age
nomadic hunters and gatherers in small bands sheltered in caves, fire discovered, primitive stone tools used, migration around the world
neolithic age
change from nomadic to settled lifestyle, invention of farming/domestication of plants and animals, small neolithic farming villages near rivers… later became 1st civilizations
polytheistic
belief in many gods (Mesopotamia except Israelites, Egypt, Yellow River, Indus River)
Middle East
region where earliest civilizations developed (Mesopotamia, Egypt)
Fertile Crescent
AKA Mesopotamia, fertile land (Mesopotamia)
Mediterranean Sea
sea connected to the Nile and provided food and living space (Mesopotamia, Egypt)
arid
hot, dry climate (Mesopotamia, Egypt)
alphabet
letters and sounds (Phoenicians)
“carriers of civilization”
AKA Phoenicians, allowed for trade and travel by transport (Phoenicians)
monsoons
seasonal winds in India that bring flooding in the summer and drought in the winter (Indus River)
annual flooding
flooding from rivers, lead to fertile soil (silt) (Mesopotamia, Egypt)
hieroglyphics
Egypt’s 1st system of writing (Egypt)
papyrus
used as paper for writing in egypt (Egypt)
oracle bones
turtle shells to communicate with ancestors (Yellow River)
rosetta stone
stone that translated hieroglyphics and cuneiform (Egypt)
mummification
the method of preserving a dead body (Egypt)
well planned cities
well organized cities with grid patterns (Indus River)
Book of the Dead
spells and magic formulas placed in tombs for the afterlife (Egypt)
indecipherable writing
not understandable writing (Indus River)
agricultural surplus
extra food (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Yellow River)
ideographs
ideas in writing (Yellow River)
abraham
chosen by God to be the “father” of the Hebrew people (Israelites)
covenant
promise (Israelites)
Middle Kingdom
AKA Chinese nation (Yellow River)
isolation
being seperated by mountains, deserts, and bodies of water (Yellow River)
monotheism
belief in one god (Israelites)
ethnocentrism
view culture as superior to all others (Yellow River)
Nile
river in Egypt that floods predictably —> silt (Egypt)
Torah
the first five books of the Hebrew Bible (Israelites)
Sahara
created an arid climate and protection (Egypt)
Kingdom of Israel
Israelite monarchy (Israelites)
irrigation
innovation that allows for control the flow of water (Ex. canals, shadufs) (Sumer)
city states
independent countries (Sumer)
priest king
small sculpture of man believed to be ruler (Sumer, Indus River)
terrace farming
“steps” are built into the slopes of hill (Yellow River)
Ziggurat
built as a temple used by priests/kings to worship many gods (Sumer)
pharaoh
a ruler of ancient Egypt (Egypt)
cuneiform
Sumer’s 1st system of writing with clay (Sumer)
Epic of Gilgamesh
stories of the priest king (Israelites)
Shang Dynasty
Chinese royal dynasty ruled by the Shang family (Yellow River)
Tigris Euphrates
rivers in Mesopotamia that flood yearly —> silt (Sumer)
loesses
yellow mineral rich soil (Ex. in Yellow River) (Yellow River)