Neuro exam 1

Acute acquired disorders have a [sudden/slow] onset

sudden

Insidious acquired disorders have a [sudden/slow] onset

slow

Stroke is acute or insidious?

acute

Dementia is acute or insidious?

insidious

The brain, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord make up the...

CNS

The skull _______ the brain

protects

The bony projections of the skull: _______ and _______

frontal, temporal

The meninges: ______, _________, and ______

dura, arachnoid, pia

The meningeal spaces are [beneath/above] the skull and [beneath/above] the brain

beneath; above

Regions of the vertebral column: _____, ______, ______, _______, and ________

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Which two vertebral regions do SLPs mostly deal with?

cervical and thoracic

The four lobes of the brain:

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

The frontal lobe controls ________ regulation and _________ function

emotional, executive

The frontal lobe contains ______'s area

Broca

The temporal lobe contains ______'s area

Wernicke

Function of Broca's area:

language expression

Broca's area is in the _____ lobe, usually in the ______ hemisphere

frontal, left

Function of Wernicke's area:

speech comprehension

Wernicke's area is in the ____ lobe, usually in the _____ hemisphere

temporal, left

The parietal lobe processes _____ info

sensory

The occipital lobe processes _____ info

visual

Gray matter is the [outermost/innermost] in the brain

outermost

Glial cells are the ________ that support ________ and ________ _______ tracts

framework, neurons, nerve fiber

Glial cells make up about ______% of brain mass

50

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates up and around the [brain/spinal cord/meningeal spaces] down to the [brain/spinal cord/meningeal spaces] through [brain/spinal cord/meningeal spaces]

brain, spinal cord, meningeal spaces

CSF regenerates every ___ hours

8

CSF travels through [ventricles/arteries]

ventricles

Three regions of brainstem:

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

The_________ defines the walls of the third ventricle

diencephalon

The ___________ serves as a relay centre for sensory and motor impulses between the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, and cerebrum

thalamus

Cerebellum function: _________ and ________

balance, coordination

Afferent nerves carry info [to/from] the CNS

to

Efferent nerves carry info [to/from] the CNS

from

Afferent nerves carry [motor/sensory] info

sensory

Efferent nerves carry [motor/sensory] info

motor

A right brain lesion impacts [left/right] motor function

left

A left brain lesion impacts [left/right] motor function

right

Commissural fiber tracts carry info [between/within] hemispheres

between

Association fibers carry info [between/within] hemispheres

within

Blood supply reaches the brain through [ventricles/arteries]

arteries

The _____ pumps blood from the heart through the CNS

aorta

Blood travels from the aorta to the....

subclavian arteries

Blood travels from the subclavian arteries to the....

common carotid arteries

Blood travels from the common carotid arteries to the....

circle of Willis

Blood travels from the circle of Willis to the....

paired cerebral arteries

The three paired cerebral arteries:

anterior, middle, posterior

The [anterior/middle/posterior] cerebral arteries supply blood to the frontal lobe

anterior

The [anterior/middle/posterior] cerebral arteries supply blood to the entire brain

middle

The [anterior/middle/posterior] cerebral arteries supply blood to the occiptal lobe and some subcortical regions

posterior

Two components of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

cranial and spinal nerves

Neuropathology is...

the recovery from a neurological event

Stroke signs and symptoms include sudden ___________ on one side, ________ changes, ________, trouble _________, trouble ________, and severe __________

numbness, speech, confusion, seeing, walking, headache

Stroke - BE FAST:

Balance

Eyes

Face

Arms

Speech

Time

An ischemic stroke is when blood [is deprived from/leaks into] the brain

is deprived from

A hemorrhagic stroke is when blood [is deprived from/leaks into] the brain

leaks into

[Ischemic/hemorrhagic] make up the majority of strokes

ischemic

Ischemic strokes don't show up on [CT scans/MRI]

CT scans

Ischemic strokes are detected by [CT scans/MRI]

MRI

Which stroke is detected with a CT scan?

hemorrhagic

The two types of ischemic strokes:

thrombotic and embolic

A(n) [thrombotic/embolic] stroke occurs when a stationary clot blocks blood flow

thrombotic

A(n) [thrombotic/embolic] stroke occurs when a small pieces travels to block an artery

embolic

A ____ is a mild stroke that resolves within 24 hours

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

An ischemic stroke occurs when a vessel [is blocked/bursts]

is blocked

A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a vessel [is blocked/bursts]

bursts

An aneurysm is the result of a(n) [weakened arterial wall/arterial malformation]

weakened arterial wall

An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is the result of a(n) [weakened arterial wall/arterial malformation]

arterial malformation

[Aneurysms/AVMs] are more common

aneurysms

Hemorrhagic strokes are [more/less] deadly than ischemic

more

Focal lesions cause damage in [one/multiple] region(s) of the brain

one

Diffuse damage affects [one/multiple] region(s) of the brain

multiple

Three examples of focal conditions:

stroke, tumor, trauma

Four examples of diffuse conditions:

dementia, hydrocephalus, hypoperfusion, trauma

[Signs/symptoms] are issues that a medical examiner can see

signs

[Signs/symptoms] are issues that a patient reports

symptoms

[Hydrocephalus/hypoperfusion] is the abnormal buildup of fluid in ventricles that puts pressure on brain tissue

hydrocephalus

[Hydrocephalus/hypoperfusion] is a reduction in cerebral blood flow

hypoperfusion

Four symptoms of hydrocephalus:

change in mental status, lethargy, nausea, vomiting

Two symptoms of hypoperfusion:

cognitive and motor function issues

Two types of hydrocephalus:

Non-obstructive; obstructive

[Obstructive/non-obstructive] hydrocephalus doesn't allow for CSF circulation

obstructive

[Obstructive/non-obstructive] hydrocephalus is specific to the geriatric population

non-obstructive

Medical management of hydrocephalus:

VP shunt

Hypoxia is [reduced/complete loss of] oxygen

reduced

Anoxia is [reduced/complete loss of] oxygen

complete loss of

The number one leading cause of death is...

coronary heart disease

The fifth leading cause of death is...

CVA

Genetics, age, gender, and previous conditions are risk factors that [can/cannot] be controlled

cannot

Blood pressure, diet, activity, smoking, sleep, and stress management are risk factors that [can/cannot] be controlled

can