TEAS BIOLOGY

_____________ molecules contain carbon, and ____________ do not

organic molecules, inorganic molecules

glucose, guanine, triglycerol are all examples of ___________________

organic compounds

_____________ are used in DAY TO DAY METABOLIC PROCESSES

organic molecules

____________ are a single unit of an organic molecule

monomer

___________ are multiple units or CHAINS of monomers

polymers

list all 4 organic molecules

1)

2)

3)

4)

nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, carbs

______________ compounds DO NOT CONTAIN CARBON

inorganic compounds

___________ make up a very SMALL AMOUNT of living things and are USUALLY MINERALS such as IRON, POTASSIUM, SODIUM

inorganic compounds

_______________ are sugars made of CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN

carbohydrates

___________ are broken down to release energy, and that energy is used to build ATP

carbohydrates

energy molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) provide a source of _________ to drive cellular processes

electrons

the monomer of carbohydrates is called __________________

monosaccharides

_________________ are all different types of simple sugars

monosaccharides

this image is an example of what

monosaccharides

what SPECIFIC monosaccharide is this

glucose

_____________ are multiple monomers of carbohydrates bonded together chains of CnH2nOn

polysaccharides

glucose bonded together make the polysaccharide _________-

starch

________ is used to store excess sugar

starch

which of the following compounds is NOT created by joining monosaccharides

guanine

_____________ is the polysaccharide which is responsible partly for strength in plants

cellulose

_________ are made of MAINLY CARBON AND HYDROGEN with a SMALL AMOUNT OF OXYGEN

lipids

the HEAD of a lipid is composed of which molecule

phosphate group

the BACKBONE of a lipid is composed of which molecule?

glycerol

the HEAD OF A LIPID IS______ whereas lipid TAILS ARE _______

polar, nonpolar

polar=_____________ whereas nonpolar= ________________

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

the TAIL of lipids is composed of _______________

hydrocarbons

the more double bonds in the tail of a lipid the more ___________________it is

unsaturated

the combined polarity of the water loving lipid head, and the non water loving lipid tails are a critical feature of what?

phospholipid membrane

phospholipid membranes are _______________ meaning certain molecules can come in and out

semipermeable

in semi permeable phospholipid membranes ________ point in, and ________ point out

tails, heads

______________ fatty acids are LIQUIDS at room temp, such as oils

unsaturated

_____________ fatty acids are SOLIDS at room temp such as LARD AND BUTTER

saturated

___________ play an important role in ALMOST EVERY CELLULAR PROCESS IN THE HUMAN BODY

such as:

1) acting as a CATALYST for bodily reactions

2) TRANSPORT MOLECULES ACROSS MEMBRANES

3) facilitate DNA REPLICATION

4) regulate CELL CYCLE

proteins

________ are MADE OF CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS!!!!!!!!!!

proteins

the monomer of proteins are _____________

amino acids

amino acids are composed of

1)

2)

3)

amino group, R group, carboxyl group

there are _____ different amino acids

22

the _____________ part of amino acids is the one that varies, i is UNIQUE TO EACH AMINO ACID

R group

____________ are a POLYMER of DNA

____________ are MONOMERS of DNA

nucleic acids, nucleotides

_______________ store ALL information necessary to produce PROTIENS

DNA/RNA

another word for “nucleic acids” is

DNA/RNA

MONOMERS of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) are called ______________

nucleotides

what are the MONOMERS of lipids?

glycerol/ fatty acids

NUCLEOTIDES are composed of 3 groups a _______________, _______________ and a _______________

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar

there are FOUR different nucleotides (nitrogenous bases)

1_____________

2____________

3______________

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

ADENINE and GUANINE are ___________________

CYTOSINE and THYMINE are __________________

purines, pyrimidines

_______ REPLACES THYMINE in RNA

uracil

______________are 1 RING STRUCTURES, whereas

______________are 2 RING STRUCTURES

pyrimidines, purines

can purines bond with purines? and can pyrimidines bond with pyrimidines?

no

another word for a complimentary pair is a ______________

dimer

a PURINE+ PYRIMIDINE is called ___________________

complimentary pair

adenine always bonds with____________

thymine

guanine always bonds with ________________

cytosine

ADENINE BONDED WITH THYMINE is an example of what

dimer

when many DIMERS BOND TOGETHER they form_______________

polymers

DNA has ______________ sugar whereas

RNA has ______________ sugar

deoxyribose, ribose

does it matter which direction DNA is read?

yes

DNA is ALWAYS read from what end to what end?

5’ to 3’

the bond that holds together each complimentary nitrogenous base in DNA is a

hydrogen bond

An analysis of a laboratory tissue sample reveals a single-stranded nucleic acid polymer containing a sugar-phosphate backbone with a high concentration of uracil. Which organelle is this macromolecule most likely synthesized in, and what is its identity?

nucleus, ribonucleic acid

A segment of double-stranded DNA is analyzed and found to consist of 22% Adenine. Based on complementary base-pairing rules, what total percentage of the DNA segment consists of Guanine?

28%

Which of the following descriptions accurately distinguishes between the physical structures of purines and pyrimidines?

purines (adenine/guanine) have a double-ring structure, pyrimidines (cytosine/thymine) have a single-ring structure

During DNA replication, an enzyme reads the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction to synthesize a new complementary strand. If the template strand reads 3'-GGCTACC-5', what is the sequence of the newly synthesized strand written in the standard 5' to 3' direction?

5'-CCGATGG-3'

A regular human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes grouped into 23 pairs. Through the process of meiosis, this cell produces gametes (sperm or egg cells). How many total chromosomes will be present in one of these resulting gametes?

23 single chromosomes

Which of the following correctly pairs a biological structure with its exact description?

histone: an individual protein molecule that helps package DNA.

A scientist looks into a microscope and observes a human cell that is currently in interphase, performing its normal daily metabolic operations. What will the DNA look like inside this cell's nucleus?

loose, uncoiled strands of chromatin wrapped around histones

During cell division, a cell must evenly pull apart the duplicated genetic material. What is the specific name for the identical copies of a chromosome that are pulled to opposite sides of the cell?

sister chromatids

If a mutation prevents a cell from separating its identical twin copies of DNA during cell division, which specific structure is failing to separate?

sister chromatids

A student is reviewing the level of compaction required to fit human DNA inside the cell nucleus. Which of the following lists the structural levels of DNA organization in the correct order from the least condensed to the most condensed?

double helix, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome

following DNA replication, an x-shaped structure forms in preparation for cell division. what is the correct term for the two identical halves of this structure, and what holds them together?

chromatids, held together at the centromere

a _____________ is an organisms COMPLETE SET OF GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS CONTAINING ALL OF THE DNA NEEDED TO BUILD, GROW, AND MAINTAIN THE LIVING THING

genome

genomes are composed of

1________________

2________________

3________________

DNA, chromosomes, genes

_______ is a SMALL SEGMENT OF DNA STRANDS THAT PROVIDES INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING PROTEINS

gene

____________ are large protein complexes, that arestand alone and do not have dna wrapped around them

histones

___________ are when formed when DNA WRAPS AROUND 8 ____________

nucleosomes, histones

____________ area continuous chain of NUCLEOSOMES, this is seen during a cell’s INTERPHASE

chromatin

______________ during interphase

______________ during mitosis

chromatid, chromosomes

during MITOSIS, chromatin becomes what? __________________

chromosomes

_______ is when the cell splits into two new cells, during this phase CHROMATID BECOMES TIGHTLY WOUND CHROMOSOMES

mitosis

a ___________ links a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division, it is the CENTRAL CONNECTING POINT

centromere

__________are TWO IDENTICAL HALVES OF A CHROMOSOME

chromatids

chromosomes are split down the middle __________ to separate _________ during cell division

vertically, sister chromatids

these cells exist purely to keep you alive and functioning they build your physical structure, pump your blood, filter toxins, and protect you from infections. they have no role in reproduction

somatic cells

these cells have only one job, reproduction.they carry your genetic legacy forward to the next generation. they do not help you digest food, breathe, or move your muscles

gametes

___________ are diploid 2n, 46 chromosomes

__________ are haploid, 1n, 23 chromosomes

somatic cells, gametes

__________ have ONE SET of chromosomes

and ____________have TWO SETS of chromosomes

gametes, somatic cells

If a human gamete contains 23 chromosomes, which of the following statements accurately describes the chromosome composition of a human somatic cell?

it contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, making it a diploid cell

during DNA replication, a genetic mutation causes a cell to produce a non-functional version of DNA Polymerase I. Which of the following problems will this cell most likely experience?

RNA primers on the lagging strand will fail to be removed and replaced with DNA

an enzyme complex is actively synthesizing a new strand of DNA. according to standard biological directionality, in which direction is the new strand built, and in which direction is the old template strand read?

built 5’ to 3’ read 3’ to 5’

during the elongation phase of replication, what is the primary function of single-strand binding proteins (SSBs)?

to physically hold the unzipped parent strands open and stable

_______seals the final gaps between adjacent okazaki fragments

DNA ligase

a student is explaining the concept of the hayflick limit, which dictates that human somatic cells can only divide a finite number of times. which structural event during termination directly causes this limitation?

the progressive shortening of non-coding telomeres at the tips of chromosomes

__________ lengthens noncoding telomeres at the end of DNA, only in specific cells so they can have extra divisions

DNA telomerase

_____________ SYNTHESIZES OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS while

_____________ WORKS ON THE LEADING STRAND OF DNA

polymerase I, polymerase III

_________ unwinds hydrogen bonds to leave two strands (during initiation)

DNA helicase

__________ is the process in which A COPY OF DNA IS CREATED IN A CELL

DNA replication

___________ is when proteins bind to regions known as ORIGIN SITES and helicase UNZIPS HYDROGEN BONDS in parent DNA strand to form two single strands

initiation

__________ is when NEW strands of DNA are created, here various enzymes such are single stranded binding protiens, and polymerase (I and III) are present

elongation

the _____________ is the “easy” strand built continuously by ______________ and ________________ is the “harder” strand BUILT BACKWARDS built in SHORT, CONTINUOUS CHUNKS called okazaki fragments by _______________

leading, dna polymerase III, lagging, dna polymerase I

____________ is when DNA polymerase is done replicating, the replication forks meet

termination