APUSH terms 51-100

51. Gove Rebellion

Short uprising in New Hampshire (1683). Royal Governor, Edward Cranfield, was unpopular due to enforcement of mercantilist policies. To quell dissent, he dissolved the locally elected council. Edward Gove was a former councilor; attempted to incite other New Hampshire leaders to rebel against Cranfield. After being rebuffed by his fellow colonists, Gove and his son took up arms (possibly after a night of drinking), gathered a dozen armed supporters, and were promptly arrested by the local militia. All rebels except Gove were freed. Gove was sentenced to death and transported to England to await execution. Later pardoned, he returned to New Hampshire

52. Leisler’s Rebellion

1689 - When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and make Jacob Leisler, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when loyal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly he founded remained part of the government of New York

53. Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity

54. John Bartram (1699-1777)

America’s first botanist; traveled through the frontier collecting specimens

55. Pennsylvania, Maryland, Rhode Island: Religious Freedom

Pennsylvania: Founded by William Penn, a Quaker, to provide protection for Quakers. Maryland: Formed as a colony where Catholics would be free from persecution. Rhode Island: Formed to provide a haven for all persecuted religions, including all Christian denominations and Jews

56. First Great Awakening (1739-1744)

Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies

57. Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, a Careful and Strict Inquiry Into…That Freedom of Will

Part of the Great Awakening, Edwards gave gripping sermons about sin and the tormets of Hell. “The Arrows of Death fly unseen at Noon-Day: the sharpest Sight can’t discern them, God has so many different unsearchable Ways of taking wicked Men out of the World and sending ‘em to Hell…”

58. George Whitefield

“Slender, cross-eyed and handsome, George Whitefield was an Anglican priest and powerful orator with charismatic appeal.” Whitefield is credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the “New Lights.”

59. William Tennant

A strong Presbyterian minister and leader during the Great Awakening. Founded a college for the training of Presbyterian ministers in 1726

60. Gilbert Tennant

William Tennant’s son. Developed a theology of revivalism

61. Old Lights, New Lights

The “New Lights” were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. The “Old Lights” were the established congregational church

62. Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony

63. Maryland Act of Toleration (Act of Religious Toleration)

1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony’s large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians

64. Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards he left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life

65. Mercantilism: features, rationale, impact on Great Britain, impact on the colonies

Mercantilism was the economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The government exercised control over industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported. Possession of colonies provided countries both with sources of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods. Great Britain exported goods and forced the colonies to buy them

66. Navigation Acts of 1650, 1660, 1663, and 1696

British regulations designed to protect British shipping from competition. Said that British colonies could only import goods if they were shipped on British-owned vessels and at least ¾ of the crew of the ship were British

67. Admiralty Courts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury

68. Triangular Trade

The backbone of New England’s economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to England, where the molasses were used to make rum

69. Merchants/Markets

A market is the area or group of people which needs a product. Colonial merchants took goods produced in the colonies to areas of the world that needed those goods. Also, the colonies served as a market for other countries’ goods

70. Consignment System

One company sells another company’s products, and then gives the producing company most of the profits, but keeps a percentage (a commission) for itself

71. Molasses Act, 1733

British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from other countries other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants ignored it

72. Woolens Act, 1699

Declared that wool produced in the colonies could only be exported to Britain

73. Hat Act, 1732

Declared that hats made in the colonies could not be exported

74. Iron Act, 1750

Declared that no new iron forges or mills could be created in the colonies

75. Currency Act, 1751

This act applied only to Massachusetts. It was an attempt to ban the production of paper money in Massachusetts, but it was defeated in Parliament

76. Currency Act, 1764

This act applied to all of the colonies. It banned the production of paper money in colonies in an effort to combat the inflation caused by Virginia’s decision to get itself out of debt by issuing more paper money

77. Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches (plus one was pressed to death). Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trial and executions had been a terrible mistake

78. Indentured Servants

People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set of length of time (usually four to seven years) and then would be free

79. Poor Richard’s Almanack, first published 1732

Written by Benjamin Franklin, it was filled with witty, insightful, and funny bits of observation and common sense advice (the saying, “Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise,” first appeared in this almanac). It was the most popular almanac in the colonies

80. Phillis Wheatly (1754-1784)

An African domestic in the colonies, and a well-known colonial poet. Her poetry was ornate and elaborate

81. Ann Bradstreet (1612-1692)

A Puritan and the first colonial poet to be published. The main subjects of her poetry were family, home, and religion

82. Magna Carta, 1215

An English document draw up by nobles under King John which limited the power of king. It has influenced later constitutional documents in Britain and America

83. Petition of Right, 1628

A document drawn up by Parliament’s House of Commons listing grievances against King Charles I and extending Parliament’s powers while limiting the king’s. It gave Parliament authority over taxation, declared that free citizens could not be arrested without cause, declared that soldiers could not be quartered in private homes without compensation, and said that martial law cannot be declared during peacetime

84. Habeas Corpus Act, 1679

British law had traditionally provided a procedure that allowed a person who had been arrested to challenge the legality of his arrest or confinement, called the Writ of Habeas Corpus, or the Great Writ. The Act imposed strict penalties on judges who refused to issue a writ of habeas corpus when there was good cause, and on officers who refused to comply with the write

85. Bill of Right, 1689

Drawn up by Parliament and presented to King William II and Queen Mary, it listed certain rights of the British people. It also limited the king’s powers in taxing and prohibited the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime

86. Board of Trade (or the Privy Council)

Advisors to the king who regulated British trade during the 1600s and 1700s

87. Robert Walpole

Prime minister of Great Britain in the first half of the 1700s. His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect

88. “Salutary neglect”

Prime Minister Robert Walpole’s policy in dealing with the American colonies. He was primarily concerned with British affairs and believed that unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies

89. The Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700’s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God

90. Theories of representative government in legislatures: virtual representation, actual representation

Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation means that a representative is elected by his constituents. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government

91. Rise of the Lower House

Most of the colonial legislatures had two houses: a lower house elected by the people of the colony and an upper house appointed by the governor. Over time, the lower house became more powerful because it reflected the needs and desires of the people, while the upper house was merely a figurehead

92. Proprietary, charter, and royal colonies

Proprietary colonies were founded by a proprietary company or individual and were controlled by the proprietor. Charter colonies were founded by a government charter granted to a company or a group of people. The British government had some control over charter colonies. Royal (or crown) colonies were formed by the king, so the government had total control over them

93. Colonial agents

These were representatives sent to England by the colonies during the 1600s and 1700s. They served as a link between England and the colonies

94. Town meetings

A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town’s voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws

95. John Peter Zenger trial

Zenger published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial (1737) but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press int he colonies. In his subsequent account of his trial, he stated, No nation, ancient or modern, ever lost the liberty of speaking freely, writing, or publishing their sentiments, but forthwith lost their liberty in general and became slaves.”

96. John Locke (1632-1704), his theories

Locke was an English political philosopher whose ideas inspired the American Revolution. He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property, and that governments exist to protect those rights, He believed that government was based upon an unwritten “social contract” between the rulers and their people, and if the government failed to uphold its end of the contract, the people had a right to rebel and institute a new government

97. A democratic society or not?

The Founding Fathers were not sure that democracy was the right form of government for America. They feared anarchy and the rise of factions whose policies would not represent the true will of the people. Hence, the government which they designed contains many aspects of a republic; that is, and indirect democracy in which the people do not vote directly on the laws, but instead elect representatives who vote for them

98. Differences between French and British colonization

The British settled mainly along the coast, where they started farms, towns, and governments. As a general rule, whole families emigrated. The British colonies had little interaction with the local Indians (aside from occasional fighting). The French colonized the interior, where they controlled the fur trade. Most of the French immigrants were single men, and there were few towns and only loose governmental authority. The French lived closely with the Indians, trading them with furs and sometimes taking Indian wives

99. Queen Anne’s War, 1702-1713

The second of the four wars known generally as the French and Indian Wars, it arose out of issues left unresolved by King Williams’ War (1689-1697) and was part of a larger European conflict known as the War of the Spanish Succession. Britain, allied with the Netherlands, defeated France and Spain to gain territory in Canada, even though the British had suffered defeats in most of their military operations in North America

100. Peace of Utrecht, 1713

Ended Queen Anne’s War. Undermined France’s power in North America by giving Britain the Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia