Module 3- Bio Psych

visual systems process light ___ off distant objects to identify them, localize the, and assess ___

reflected; movement

retina response to light summary

hyperpolarization in the photoreceptors, depolarization in bipolar cells, action potential in ganglion cell sent to brain

visual field is the ___ of space seen by one eye

extent

visual fields from the left are processed in the ___of ___eyes/retinas and vice versa

right; both

objects in the visual field appear ___ on the retina (upside down and left and right)

inverted

axons of ___ cells in the nasal retina cross in the optic ___

ganglion; chiasm

temporal retina vs nasal retina

axons stay on the same side; axons cross to the opposite side

visual fields are processed in the opposite ___ of both eyes. the optic ___cross at the optic ___ and become optic ___ that move to the lateral ___ ___ of the thalamus of each side and processed in the primary visual cortex

retina; nerves; chiasm; tracts; geniculate nucleus

each lateral geniculate nucleus has ___ layers, each layer has input from ___ ___

6; one eye

some LGN layers are necessary for perception of ___ while other layers are necessary for perception of ___

movement; color

layers of the LGN have ___ input; layers 1,4,6 are ___ while layers 2,3,5 are ___

monocular; ipsilateral; contralateral

(left eye) visual information from the___ retina stays on the same side of the body to the left ___ _____ nucleus and is ___ in the primary visual cortex

temporal; lateral graniculate; ipsilateral

nasal retina in both the right and left retina ___ to its appropriate side of the ___ ___ ___ and are ___ in the primary visual cortex

crossover; lateral geniculate nucleus; contralateral

receptive fields of LGN neurons are like retina ___ cell receptive fields referring to on and off center fields

ganglion

Hubel & Wiesel & LeVay injected ___ amino acids, transferred across ___. amino acids were injected into one eye which transferred to target cells in the ___, then transported to terminals of ___ ___

radioactive; synapses; LGN; visual cortex

ocular dominance columns are ___ ___ domains

eye specific (different regions of the V1 cortex are dominated by input from either eye)

the V1 cortex also has ___ layers including ___ cells above and below layer 4C, and ___ cells at 4C

6; binocular; monocular

binocular cells

more strongly influenced by either the ___ or ___ eye

integrates information from both eyes of the same visual field; left; right

occular dominance develops from changes in cortical ___ from abnormal visual experiences or ___deprivation in kittens

circuitry; monocular

in monocular deprivation in kittens, the only visually responsive cells respond to the ___ or non-deprived eye. no cells were ___ and were not driven by the closed eye

ipsilateral; binocular;

can develop proper wiring as a result from monocular deprivation during the ___ ___

critical period

the open eye takes over more ___ than the deprived eye showing up as more ___ from the ipsilateral connections

area; white

changes in cortical circuitry induced by monocular deprivation include smaller ___ endings which lead to ___ dendritic arbors of LGN axons from left eye vs right eye in layer 4

dendritic; unequal

as LGN retracts ___, ocular dominance columns ___

branches; sharpen

monocular deprivation on binocular responses of neurons in primary visual cortex have ___ dendritic branches in the open eye and ___ dendritic branches in closed eye

expanding; retracting

critical period is a period of ___ that is between 3 ___ to 3 ___ in cats, non-human primates are between birth and 6 ___, humans are between 6 ___ to 6 ___

susceptibility; weeks; months; months; months; years

in binocular deprivation, cortical cells respond to both ___ and competitive balance shapes ___ ___ columns (chart)

eyes; occular dominance

Hebb’s Postulate

coordinated activity of presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron strengthens the synapse

pre and post synchronized =

pre and post unsynchronized =

synapses strengthened; retraction

LGN axons terminate most heavily in ___ layer called ___neuron

4C; stellate

what are the five things the visual cortex should care about?

size, distance, motion, shape, color

primary visual cortex (V1) in the ___ lobe of the primate brain

occipital

primary auditory layers 2/3 have ___ ___ projections, layer 4 receives input from ___, layers 5 has cortical outputs to the ___ ___ and layer 6 has cortical outputs to ___

intra-cortical; LGN; superior colliculus; LGN

extrastriate cortex

V1 sends information to other areas of the brain

unfolded cortex contains V4 which contains ___ and MT (medial temporal) which is ___, ___

color; movement/location

lesions to medial temporal means visual processing is not a

fluid motion

visual information is transmitted to other cortical areas via two streams

dorsal stream (MT); ventral stream (V4)

dorsal stream has to do with with ___ an object is and projects to ___ ___ ___ ___; ventral stream has to do with ___ an object is and projects to ___ ___ ___

where; posterior parietal association cortex; inferior temporal cortex

bilateral lesions of the parietal lobe leads to a ___ deficit in a task that requires discrimimation of ___

behavioral; locations

neglect syndrome is a ___ lesion or damage to one side in the ___ lobe causes difficulty paying attention to information coming from the ___ side of the lesion

unilateral; parietal; contralateral

lesions often include the ___ ___ areas, frontal areas, and the ___ lobe of the ___ hemisphere

parietal cortical; temporal; right

(neglect syndrome) most patients exhibiting defects in the posterior/inferior parietal lobe is ___ ___

most often affected

neural activity is increased in both the ___ and ___parietal cortex when subjects are asked to perform tasks in the ___ visual field

right; left; right

neural activity is increased in only the ___ parietal cortex when subjects are asked to perform tasks in the ___ visual field

right; left

bilateral lesion of the temporal lobe leads to ___ deficit in a task that requires the discrimination of ___ visually (ventral pathway)

behavioral; objects

face-selective neuron in the inferior ___ ___

temporal cortex

temporal cortex is responsible for the ___ of complex stimuli. can be very selective by orientation of ___

recognition; face

recognition neurons in temporal cortex have cells that respond only to ___(no response in simiarly shaped ___ or parts of ___

faces; objects; faces

face selective neurons in the monkey inferior ___ ___ project to the ___ (limbic system)

temporal lobe; amygdala

there are expression-selective neurons in the ___ that preferentially fire in response to a ___ expression

amygdala; threatening

visual information goes all over the ___ to develop emotions, make decisions, etc

brain

complex properties may be based on columnar ___; each ___ represents a different arrangement of complex ___ making up an object

organization; column; features

overall spatial pattern of ___ activity is the representation of the object in view

neuronal

more neurons activated for more ___ complex objects

geometric

location of activity changes systemically when object features (orientation) are systemically ___

altered

object identification relies on graded signals carried by a population of ___ (not on one or few cells)

neurons

optic illusion need to shift attention in object ___ using ___ and ___ stream that work together to interept motion and identification

recognition; ventral; dorsal

agnosia is often caused by the ___ lobe or ____ ___ lobe lesions causing a failure to ___ or ___ a stimulus by means of sensory modality

occipital; inferior temporal; perceive; identify

visual object agnosia is the failure of higher level ___ ___where a person has normal ___ acuity but cannot recognize ___ based on their ___

visual perception; visual; objects; shapes

prosopagnosia is a formal of visual agnosia where the personal cannot recognize a ___ visually but can do so hearing their ___/other sense to identify

face; voice

agnosia can use other ___ to identify a stimulus after not recognizing for the first time; memory loss is the failure to recognize a stimulus even through multiple ___

senses; senses

in an fMRI scan, enlarged ventricles means

damage in the brain

the auditory, visual, tactile, and olfactory percept are all connected through ___ connections between the ___ system to form a ______ memory store for recognition

neural; limbic; multimodal

synesthesia is the neurological condition where stimulation of one ___ pathway leads to automatic, ___ experiences in a second ___ pathway

sensory; involuntary; sensory

depressants produce general decrease in ___ and ___ activity such as alcohol, marijuana, barbituates (sedatives), benzodiazaphines (tranquilizers)

cognitive; behavioral

stimulants produce general increase in ___ and elevate ___ such as nicotine and caffeine, amphetamines, MDMA, and cocaine

alertness; mood

hallucinogens alter ___ ___ such as marijuana, LSD, MDMA, ketamine

sensory perception

opiates primarily produce ___ and euphoria such as heroin, morphine, codeine

analgesia (pain aversion pathway)

1) all drugs of abuse effect normal ___ release/communication

2) drug effects change based on ___ and usage ___

3) all drugs effect neurocircuitry for ___ and ___ pathways

neurotransmitter; dosage; length; reward; reinforcement

tolerance is from the ___ drug administration that results in ___ drug effect (or requires ___ dosage to get the same effect)

repeated; diminished; increased

tolerance can reflect decreased drug-___ ___ or reduced ___ ___ of the drug (how well it binds to receptor or availability)

receptor binding; postsynaptic action

sensitization is the ___ drug administration that results in ___ drug effectiveness (need same amount or less)

repeated; heightened

tolerance and sensitization has to do with ___ ___ and can happen at the same time in different ___

synaptic plasticity; systems

increase tolerance (need more drug) leads to increased ___ responses

withdrawal

drugs activate pathways more strongly and are associated with ___ and ___

survival; satisfaction (food, water, sex)

drugs change signaling in the ___ ___ area (VTA) that avoid ___ needs since the ___ release replaces ___ ___ measures

ventral tegmental; basic; neurotransmitter; self-sustaining

the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) contains ___ from the ___ ___ and the ventral tegmental area; two regions of ___-containing cell bodies

fibers; substantia nigra; dopamine

the ventral tegmental area is a ___ structure that projects to the ___ cortex

midbrain; prefrontal

monoamine transmitters share a common ___and form a family of ___

structure; neurotransmitters

catecholamines include ___(DA), ___ (NE), and ___ (EPI)

dopamine; norepinephrine; epinephrine

indolamines include ___

seratonin

tyrosine includes ___, ___, and ___

that share ___ pathway that the body turns one into another

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine; biosynthetic

typtophan includes ___

seratonin

cell bodies of ___ neurons are located in the ___ and ___ give rise to axon ___ that are widely throughout the brain

monoamine; midbrain; brainstem; terminals

the mesocortical pathway goes from the ___ to the ___ cortex

VTA; prefrontal

mesolimbic pathway includes the ___ to the ___ ___ then ___

VTA; nucleus accumbens; hippocampus

striatum includes ___ and ___

movement; locomotion

key steps in neurotransmission

1. NT synthesized and stored in synaptic vesicles

2. NT enzymatically destroyed if not stored

3. NT exocytosis or release (depends on calcium)

4. binding of NT to postsynaptic receptors

5. NT action is terminated by enzymatic degredation, reuptake back into presynaptic cell or activation of autoreceptors

drugs can effect neurotransmitter ___, ___ or clearance by acting as ___ or ___ to receptors

production, release, agonists, antagonists

(1) neurotransmitters are synthesized from chemical building blocks called ___, (2) NT stored in ___, (3) AP cause vesicles to fuse to the ___ membrane and release contents to ___, (4) released neurotransmitters bind to ___ receptors, (5) neurotransmission is terminated by ___, ___ deactivation, or ___

precursors; vesicles; presynaptic; synapse; presynaptic; reuptake; enzyme; autoreception

agonist vs antagonist

drug binds to and activates receptor (similar active site); drug binds to but doesn’t activate receptor (dissimilar active site)

agonists inhibit ___ of neurotransmitters back into panresynaptic neuron and inhibits ___ degradation in synapse

reuptake; enzymatic

antagonists block ___ ___ receptor and ___ ___ release

postsynaptic; presynaptic

for autoreceptors, agonists have the ___ effect while antagonists have the ___ effect

antagonist (inhibit NT release once too much is formed); agonist (prohibit NT release once too little is formed)

affinity is how well a ligand ___ to a receptor; efficacy is the ability of a drug to produce a ___ effect; potency is the ___ ligand needed to produce ___ of given magnitude (affinity + efficacy)

binds; biological; amount; effect

drugs can ___ any step in the NT transmission pathway

block

agonist substitution, antagonist treatment, and aversive treatment are all ways to alleviate ___and wean off a drug

withdrawal

agonist substitution is a ___ drug that has similar ___ ___as the abused drug (methadone, nicotine gum)

safer; chemical composition

antagonist treatment are drugs that ___ or ___ the positive effects of substances (naloxone- mu-opiod receptor blocker)

block; counteract

aversive treatment are drugs that make ingestion of abused substances ___ through negative ___ (antabuse for alcoholism)

unpleasant; reinforcement