Chapter 1-Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology 16th Edition

Appendicular

Upper and lower limbs

Pericardium

Membrane surrounding the heart

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain

Cranial

Pertaining to the part of the skull that surrounds the brain

Dorsal

Position toward the back of the body

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment. Contains 3 homeostatic mechanisms; Receptors(stimuli), Control Center(set point), and Effectors(muscles or glands) to get a response.

Physiology

The study of body function

Metabolism

The set of chemical changes in the body

Nasal

Pertaining to the nose

Orbital

Pertaining to the portion of the skull that encircles an eye

Parietal membrane

Membrane that lines the wall of a cavity

Pelvic cavity

Basin-shaped cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones.

Contains the terminal end of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs.

Pericardial membrane

Membrane that surrounds the heart

Pleural membrane

Membrane that encloses the lungs within the rib cage

Anatomy

Study of structure, which often involves cutting or removing body parts

Scientific Method

An approach to investigating the natural world

Subatomic particles

A particle that is smaller than an atom. Protons, neutrons, electrons

Atoms

Smallest unit of matter

Molecules

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

Organelles

Specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells.

Tissue

Specialized cells assemble into layers or masses that have specific functions

Organ

Complex structures with specialized functions

Organ system

Groups of organs that function closely together

Organism

A living thing. Interacting organ systems.

Internal environment

The environment within the body in which the cells live

Cell membrane

The selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell consisting of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

Characteristics of life

Process Description

Growth Increase in cell number and size and increase in body size.

Reproduction Production of new cells and organisms.

Responsiveness Reaction to a change inside or outside of the body.

Movement Change in body position or location; motion of internal organs.

Metabolism The sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: Energy and nutrient cycling.

Respiration: Acquiring energy. Most organisms do it by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

Digestion: Breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption into the blood

Circulation: Moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids

Excretion: Removing waste products

Axial portion

head, neck, trunk

Appendicular portion

upper and lower limbs

Cranial cavity

houses the brain

Vertebral canal

contains the spinal cord and is surrounded by sections of the backbone

Thoracic cavity

cavity housing lungs and heart

Abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis. Its wall primarily consists of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones.

Viscera

The internal organs of the body.

Include the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and the small and large intestines.

Diaphragm

A broad, thin muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

Mediastinum

(Space between the lungs)

Extends forward to the sternum and backward to the vertebral column. It forms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity. The mediastinum contains most of the thoracic cavity viscera (including the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus) except for the lungs. The right and left lungs are on either side of the mediastinum.

oral cavity

contains teeth and tongue

Nasal cavity

connecting with several air-filled sinuses

Orbital cavities

containing the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

Middle ear cavities

containing the middle ear bones

Serous membranes

Line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and fold back to cover the organs within these cavities. These membranes secrete a slippery serous fluid that separates the layer lining the wall of the cavity (parietal layer) from the layer covering an organ (visceral layer)

parietal pleura

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

visceral pleura

inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue

pleural cavity

space between the folds of the pleura

pericardial membrane

membrane that surrounds the heart

visceral pericardium

covers the surface of the heart

parietal pericardium

outer layer of the pericardium

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

fibrous pericardium

The parietal pericardium is covered by a much thicker third layer

Thoracic Membranes

Abdominopelvic Membranes

peritoneal membrane

lining of the abdominal cavity that protects the abdominal organs

parietal peritoneum

lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

integumentary system

include the skin and accessory organs such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

Skeletal system

consists of the bones as well as the ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together at joints

Muscular System

enables movement of the body and internal organs

Nervous System

consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. Nerve cells within these organs use a bioelectrical signal called an impulse (an action potential) in combination with a chemical signal (a neurotransmitter) to communicate with one another and with muscles and glands

Endocrine System

includes all the glands that secrete chemical messengers, called hormones. Organs of the endocrine system include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus

Hormones

Travel away from the glands in body fluids such as interstitial fluid and blood

cardiovascular system

Includes the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and blood. The heart is a muscular pump that helps force blood through the blood vessels. Blood carries gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes. It carries oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive organs to all body cells, where these substances are used in metabolic processes.

lymphatic system

The other transport system and is closely associated with the cardiovascular system. It is composed of the lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. This system transports some of the fluid from the spaces in tissues (interstitial fluid) back to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs.

digestive system

receive foods and then break down food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed into the internal environment

respiratory system

moves air in and out of the body and exchange gases between the blood and the air. Specifically, oxygen passes from air in the lungs into the blood, and carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the air in the lungs and then moves out of the body. The nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are parts of this system

urinary system

consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys remove wastes from blood and assist in maintaining the body's water and electrolyte concentrations. (Electrolytes are chemicals, related to salts.) The product of these activities is urine. Other parts of the urinary system store urine and transport it to outside the body.

Excretion

removal of waste from the body

Reproduction

is the process of producing offspring (progeny)

reproductive system

of an organism, however, produces whole new organisms like itself