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What does classification and taxonomy provide information about or contributes to what?
- identification of unknown species
- study of evolution
- trace origins of bacteria
- enable communication among scientists regarding same/diff. microbes
What stabilizes the cell wall of mycoplasma?
- sterols
Describe the cell membrane of a prokaryotic cell.
- phospholipid bi-layer
- embedded proteins
What are some functions of the cell membrane?
- package nutrients
- discharge waste
What makes the cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia different?
- gram-positive cell wall structure with lipid mycolic acid
- mycobacterium has special wax layer
List the different appendages you would find on bacteria.
- flagella
- periplasmic flagella
- fimbriae
- sex pili
What type of flagella do Spirochetes have?
periplasmic
Define fimbriae.
- hair-like bristles
- function: adhesion to other cells/surfaces
What is the job of pili in bacteria?
join bacteria cells for DNA transfer (conjuation)
Define peritrichous.
flagella dispersed over surface
The difference in the outcome of Gram staining is determined by ________.
cell wall
What is the job of ribosomes?
synthesize proteins
What is chemotaxis?
- movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus
- towards or away from cell
What is the structure that allows chemotaxis?
flagella
What protects the cell from rupturing if placed in a hypertonic environment?
- cell wall
- prevents lysis due to change in osmotic pressure
What is the role of a capsule?
- blocks phagocytosis
- becomes more pathogenic
Where would you find peptidoglycan?
cell wall of bacteria
What is the role of inclusions?
store nutrients for usage when environmental sources are depleted
Gram positive bacteria have what in their cell wall?
- peptidoglycan
- teichoic acids
- lipoteichoic acid
- mycolic acids
- polysaccharides
Gram negative bacteria have what in their cell wall?
- lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- lipoprotein
- peptidoglycan
- porin proteins
Which microorganisms have mycolic acid in the cell wall?
- mycobacterium
- nocardia
Endotoxins are released from the cell wall of Gram ______ bacteria.
negative
Acid-fast staining occurs in Gram _____ bacteria.
positive
Can endotoxins stimulate fever?
yes, can stimulate fever
Can endotoxins cause shock?
yes, can stimulate shock
Can endotoxins be involved in typhoid fever and some meningitis? *
yes *
Are endotoxins specific cell wall lipids?
- yes
- liquid portion of LPS (outer membrane)
Where would you find lipopolysaccharides?
gram - negative cell wall
What happens in the periplasmic space?
- site of metabolic reaction
- what enter and leaves the cell wall
Is periplasmic space found in gram negative or gram positive bacteria?
both
Where do you find the bacterial chromosome?
nucleoid
What is the nucleoid?
where chromosome reisides
What is cytoplasm?
dense, gelatinous solution
Are plasmids essential to bacterial growth and metabolism?
no, not needed for bacterial growth and metabolism
What are magnetosomes composed of?
iron oxide
What do magnetosomes do?
used for navigation
What is the function of endospores?
protect genetic material (whole cells) during harsh conditions
The heat resistance of endospores (spores) has been linked to what chemical and mineral?
- calcium
- dipicolinic acid
Are endospores metabolically active?
- inactive
Are endospores living structures?
- are living structures
Why are endospores important?
protect during harsh condition
What bacteria can produce endospores?
- bacillus
- sporosarcina
- clostridium
List the bacterial shapes.
- coccus
- bacillus
- vibrio
- branching filaments
Define coccus.
spherical
Define rod/bacillus.
rod
Define vibrio.
gently curved comma
Define branching filaments.
branching like tree
What is a tetrad?
groups of 4
List some characteristics of biofilms.
- cause disease
- eukaryotic (algae, protozoa, fungi, bacteria)
- difficult to eliminate
- can be found on non living and living
- scum in toilet/shower stall
What is an important indicator of evolutionary history of a microbe?
sequence of rRNA
Give an example of a thermotogae ( a microbe).
thermophilic halophil
What type of walls (Gram + or Gram -) does Firmicutes have?
gram - positive
What type of staining would you need to use on Actinobacteria?
acid staining
Why do you use acid staining on Actinobacteria?
waxy acid fast cells
Describe proteobacteria?
- gram negative
- rickettsia + e. coli
- ARE NOT ARCHAEA
Define phylum chlamydia.
lack ability to grow and metabolise by itself (damage host cell)
Define phylum chlorobi.
- green sulfur bacteria
- photosynthesize and metabolize sulfides
Define phylum cyanobacteria.
found in aquatic habitats and soil
Define phylum proteobacteria.
- myxobacteria
- gliding
- fruit slime bacteria
What is the physical description of coccobacillus.
- short
- plump
What is the definition of Sarcinae?
- cuboidal packet
- sets of 8 - 64
Define lophotrichous flagella.
small bunches emerging from the same site
List some characteristics of the slime layer.
- protects from dehydration and loss of nutrients
- allows cells to participate in biofilms
- can be easily washed off
- contributes to pathogenicity
- type of glycocalyx
What are some important characteristics of plasmids?
- free, small, circular, double - stranded DNA
Where would you find Archaea?
extreme habitats
What organism(s) cause Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
rickettsia rickettsii
What organism(s) cause Endemic typhus?
rickettsia typhi
What organism(s) cause eye diseases like blindness and an STD?
chlamydia trachomatis
What organism(s) cause Syphillis?
treponema pallidum
What organism(s) cause Q-fever?
coxiella
List characteristics of living things.
- replicate
- reproduce
- respond to stimulus
- does not need cell boundary
What makes it possible to differentiate the members of the following genus?
acid fast staining
Define sporulation.
endospore formation
Define germination.
cell returns to vegettive growth
Why would members of Bacillus and Clostridium create spores?
- withstand extreme conditions
- ex: temp. change/lack of nutrients
Put the following microorganisms in order from smallest to largest:
- Ebola virus
- Staphylococcus cell
- Red blood cell
- Rhinovirus
- Squamous epithelial cell
- Yeast
1. Rhinovirus
2. Ebola virus
3. Staphylococcus
4. Yeast
5. RBC
6. Squamous epithelial cell
What unit is most appropriate for measuring the size of bacteria?
micrometer
Which two domains are the most closely related?
- archaea
- eukarya
How can we differentiate between Bacteria and Archaea?
chemical makeup of cell wall
What is the term used for a microorganism that loves an environment with high salt content?
halophiles
What domain would you classify an organism that loves an environment with high salt content under?
archaea
If you are infected with E. coli, you most likely contracted that organism through what?
fecal/oral transmission
Where does E. coli tend to colonize?
intestinal tracts
What is quorum sensing?
chemical communication with each other
Give an example of quorum sensing.
---look in your textbook
one bacteria releases a substance and tells other bacteria
Define pleomorphism.
drastic variation in cell shape and size in a signle species
What microorganisms are protists?
- protozoa
- algae
Which eukaryotic organelle most resembles a bacterial cell?
mitochondria
How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella differ?
eukaryotic have:
- microtubules
- cilia
Where do you find Cilia? Do not think area of the body...think microbiology.
protozoa
Where do you find Chitin?
cell walls of fungi
You would typically not find cell walls in what group of microorganisms? Think of the 6 (algae, protozoa, helminths, bacteria, virus, fungi)
- protozoa **
- helminths
- virus
Where does ribosomal synthesis RNA occur?
nucleolus
What are histones?
proteins associated with DNA in nucleus
According to the endosymbiotic theory, how did precursor eukaryotic cells come into existence?
protozoa, animals: aerobic prokaryotic cells ingested
How did precursor eukaryotic cells gained photosynthetic ability?
algae, plant: cyanobacteria ingestion
What is the glycocalyx?
outermost cell boundary
What is the function of glycocalyx?
- adherence
- protection
- signal reception
Glycocalyx is composed of ___?
polysaccharides
What can be found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells. Look at Table 5.4
- true nucleus
- nuclear evelope
- mitosis
- lysosomes
- organelles (golgi apparatus, ER, mitochondria)
Note 
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