Unit 1 - Biochemistry

What are the 3 subatomic particles in an atom?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

Where are protons located?

In the nucleus

Where are neutrons located?

In the nucleus

Where are electrons located?

Around the nucleus

If an atom loses an electron….

It will have a positive charge

If an atom gains an electron…

It will have a negative charge

Ionic Bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

covalent bond

Formed when electrons are shared between atoms

Polar covalent

Electrons are shared unequally between atoms, resulting in a molecule with a partial positive and partial negative charge.

Non polar covalent bond

A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms, resulting in no partial charges.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture, mixed evenly

Solute

The substance that is dissolved

Solvent

The substance that does the dissolving

homogeneous

looks the same through out

heterogeneous

The parts of the mixture is visible

Why are water molecules considered to be polar?

There is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

How are hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules?

A weak chemical bond formed when a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of another molecule.

5 properties of water (important to life)

1. cohesion and adhesion

2. high specific heat

3. evaporation cooling

4. density

5. universal solvent

What does the pH scale measure

The pH scale is a measure of H+ ions

Number valued for acids

pH below 7

Number valued for bases

pH above 7

Number valued for neutral

pH of 7

If a substance contains more H+ ions than OH- ions than what would it be considered.

An acid

Hydrolysis reaction

polymers are broken down to monomers

4 major macromolecules

1. Carbohydrates

2. lipids

3. Protein

4. nucleic acids

carbohydrates

provide energy and structural purposes

Key factor that determines the type of carbohydrate that forms…

The number of monosaccharides

Name the 4 uses of lipids in living organisms

1. cushion and insulates

2. water proof and forms protective coatings

3. stores energy

4. structural components of membranes

Part of an amino acid that gives each a unique shape

R groups

Peptide Bond

A bond that forms between amino acids

polypeptide

When a chain of amino acids are formed

Function of enzymes

speed up the chemical reaction of the cell

“Lock and key” method of enzyme functions

The surface of an enzyme is so precise that the fit is compared to a lock and key.

Purpose of Nucleic acids

store and transfers vital information

DNA and RNA

2 types of nucleic acids

Protons charges

positive

neutron charges

no charge

electron charges

negative charge

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

Monomers

The small building block units

polymer

molecule that has identical building blocks

Two building blocks of lipids

Fatty acids and glycerol