Unit 1- Levels of Organization

Anatomy

Anatomy

Study of internal and external structures

Physiology

How living organisms perform vital functions

Structure dictates…

Function

altering the structure will…

Alter function

ALL SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS ARE PERFORMED BY…

SPECIFIC STRUCTURES

Atoms

smallest stable unit of matter!!!! also the building blocks of everything we will discuss

Molecular (chemical) level

Atoms form molecules, properties determined by shape

Cellular Levels

smallest living structural and functional unit of the body

Tissue level

groups of cells working together to perform specific functions

Organ levels

2 of more tissues organized to perform several functions

Organ system level

Interaction of organs and tissues for common purposes (11 organ systems)

Whole organism

human being, need all 11 systems for life and health

Integumentary system

protect against environment, regulates temperature, and provides sensory info

A system that includes skin, hair, and nails

Skeletal system

supports and protects, and mineral function=calcium

main organs are bone, cartilage, and ligaments

Muscular system

Movement, protects and supports, body temperature

major organs are muscles and tendons

Nervous system

coordinates organ systems, responds to stimuli

major organs are brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Endocrine system

coordinates organ systems, metabolic activity and control development

major organs are pituitary glands, sex glands

Cardiovascular system

distributes blood

major organs are heart, vessels, blood

Lymphatic system

retains/ returns fluid, immune system

major organs are spleen and lymph nodes

Respiratory systems

Provides O2 to blood!!! communication, balance pH

Major organs are lungs, trachea

Digestive system

digest food, absorbs nutrients

major organs are stomach, liver, intestines

Urinary system

removes waste, controls water loss

major organs are kidney, bladder

Male reproductive system

produces sperm and male hormone

major organ is testes

Female reproductive system

produces egg/ produces female hormone/ support and nourish infant

major organs are ovaries, uterus

Homeostasis

Existence of relatively stable internal environment!

essential for life, maintaining homeostasis= the foundation of all physiology, all cells specializing and working in harmony to maintain homeostasis in spite of internal or external changes

( homeostatic imbalances) disorder and disease

disorder= any abnormality of structure or function

disease= a disorder characterized by a set of signs and systems (something is wrong, but the doctors do not know what)

(homeostasis mechanism) Autoregulation and extrinsic regulation

autoregulation= occurs when cells or systems adjust its activities automatically

Extrinsic regulation(on the outside) = hen the nervous or endocrine systems cause a change in activities

Homeostasis

Both the nervous and endocrine system regulate homeostasis

nervous system- reacts quicker- specific- short lived (ex. phone)

endocrine system-reacts slower-wide range- last longer (ex. 1000 post cards)

Receptor

Senses a change in a particular parameter, stimulus

Effector

Responds to command, can oppose or enhance stimulus

Negative Feedback

Stimulus Produces a response that opposes/ stops original stimulus

Temp, Blood sugar, most systems

Positive Feedback

Stimulus produces a response that increase/ enhances original stimulus

Dynamic Equilibrium

Body is continually adapting and ajusting

Sagittal

Front to back( lateral view)

frontal or coronal

Ear to Ear (Anterior to posterior)

Transverse or cross

Horizontal

superior

above

inferior

below

Anterior

Front

posterior

back

cranial or cephalic

head

Caudal

tail

Dorsal

back

Ventral

Belly

Proximal

Closer to attachment

Distal

distant from attachment

Medial

towards midline

lateral

away from midline

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

Bilateral

both sides

Supine

face up

Prone

face down

Serous Membrane

Parietal

visceral

Lines cavities(layers)

lines body wall (cavity organ sits in)

viscera lubricant (in between layers)

Dorsal cavity

Cranial cavity

spinal cavity

brain

spinal cord

ventral cavity

thoracic cavity

pleural cavity

pericardial cavity

above the diaphragm

lungs

heart

diaphragm

abdominal cavity

peritoneum

pelvic cavity

x

abdominal organs(liver-largest)

connective tissue

bladder and rectum

The abdominal quadrant

CHAPTER 2

proton

neutrons

electrons

(+) charged part of molecule

uncharged part of molecule

(-) charged part of molecule

Body is made up of…

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen (96%)

molecule

when 2 or more atoms share electrons

ionic bonds

when opposite charged ions are attracted to each other (NaCl)

ions

an atom that has gained or lost electrons and becomes (+) (-) (Na+Cl)

Cations

anion

a (+) charged ion (Na)

a (-) charged ion (Cl-)

Covalent Bonds

when 2 or more atoms share electrons- much stronger than ionic bonds (H2O)

Nonpolar covalent bonds

2 atoms share the electrons equally

Polar covalent bonds

1 atom attracts the shared electron more- causes partial (+) (-) ( pulls more one way)

hydrogen bonds

(surface tension) water forms polar bonds, H is attracted to neighboring atoms (covalent bond/strong)

chemical reactions

reactants

products

starting substance of a reactions

ending substance after a reaction

activation energy

initial energy to start a reaction- increases in concentration &/or temperature cause atoms to collide

catalysis

speed up reaction by lowering the activation energy needed, not consumed

enzyme

special proteins to lower activation energy in living tissue, cannot tolerate high heat or concentration (body form)

exergonic!!!

reaction that releases more energy than they abords (produces energy)

Endergonic

reactions that require more energy than they release (absorb energy)

Decomposition Reaction

splitting up larger molecules into smaller ones, usually gives off energy

catabolism

the break downing of substances in the body

(break down of sugars)

lysis=

hydrolysis

break something apart/split

use of water split a substance

synthesis reaction

combining substances to produce new larger molecules, usually requires energy (A+B= AB)

Anabolism

the combing of substances in the body (amino acids= proteins)

dehydration synthesis

H2O is formed while joining reactants

Exchange reaction

when both compounds switch partners

reversible Reaction

when products can revert back to original reactants, surplus drives reactions (without energy)

Inorganic compounds

solubility

reactivity

big heat capacity

lubrication

molecule will break or dissolve in water

medium for reactions as well important reactants in many reactions

there is little friction between water molecules

electrolytes

soluble inorganic molecule whose ion will conducts an electric charge

neutral

acidic

basic

solution with a pH of 7

solution with a pH below 7

solution with a pH above 7

inorganic acids and bases

salts

Buffers

union of a cation(+) with an anion(-) *=(NaCl)

compounds that stabilize pH convert strong acids or bases into weak ones

Organic compound

based on carbon and hydrogen atoms,living

Carbohydrates

energy source

monosaccharides

simple single sugar

disaccharides

2 sugar molecules

sucrose,maltose,lactose

polysaccharides

long chain sugars

lipids

fat and oils

Fatty acids

long carbon chains with H’s,energy

glycerides

(mono,di,tri)energy source

steriods

hormones

cholesterol

structural component of cells, transport mechanism

Proteins

long chain of amino acids (peptide bonds)

fibrous proteins

structural, forms sheets or strands (hair, nails)

Globular Proteins

reactive, rounded, found in aqueous solution (blood)

Enzyme functions

facilitates most reactions in the body