HEALTH INFORMATICS LECTURE 3

1960s: Early Adoption

The Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, becomes one of the first major health systems to adopt an EHR, moving away from paper medical records.

1972: First EMR System

The Regenstrief Institute in Indianapolis develops the first Electronic Medical Record (EMR) system, marking a significant advancement in medical practice.

1980s: Expansion and Standardization

Academic medical centers develop their own systems, and industry leaders begin forming organizations to tackle broader issues facilitating the widespread use of electronic medical information.

1990s: Advancements in Technology

The term "Electronic Health Record" is coined, and the concept begins to take shape with advancements in computer technology and increased interest in improving healthcare quality.

2009: HITECH Act

The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act is enacted, promoting the adoption and meaningful use of health information technology, significantly accelerating EHR implementation.

2010s: Widespread Adoption

A significant increase in EHR adoption occurs, with many healthcare providers transitioning from paper to electronic records to improve patient care and streamline operations.

Present Day: Integration and Interoperability

Ongoing efforts focus on enhancing EHR interoperability, integrating advanced features like telemedicine support, and improving user experience to better serve healthcare providers and patients.

Electronic Medical Record (EMR)

Digital version of a patient’s chart within a single organization.

Electronic Health Record (EHR)

A more comprehensive and interoperable health record that can be accessed across multiple organizations.

Health Information Exchange

The electronic movement of health-related information between healthcare organizations based on nationally recognized standards.

Nationwide Health Information Network (NHIN)

A set of national standards and policies for secure electronic exchange.

Federated Model

•Healthcare organizations retain control over their data.

•Data is shared upon request between providers.

Centralized Model

•All health records are stored in a single shared repository.

•Providers query a central system for patient information.

Hybrid Model

•Combination of federated and centralized models.

•Organizations share data selectively while maintaining some local control.

Personal Health Records (PHRs)

A digital system controlled by patients to store and manage their own health information.

Epic Systems

•One of the most widely used EMR systems.

•Used by hospitals, clinics, and specialty practices.

•Provides appointment scheduling, billing, clinical decision support, and interoperability.

Cerner Millennium

•Commonly used in hospital networks and healthcare systems.

•Offers real-time patient data access, laboratory integration, and pharmacy management.

MEDITECH

•Used in small to mid-sized hospitals and healthcare facilities.

•Helps with patient tracking, lab integration, and medication management.

Allscripts Professional EHR

•Popular among independent practices and clinics.

Provides customizable templates and cloud-based storage.

eClinicalWorks

•Used in ambulatory care and small to medium healthcare settings.

•Features include telehealth, practice management, and interoperability.

Cellma (by RioMed Ltd.)

•A cloud-based EMR system used in Trinidad and Tobago, the UK, and other regions.

•Manages patient data, appointments, billing, and prescriptions.

MyChart (Epic)

•A patient portal linked to healthcare providers using Epic EMR.

•Allows patients to view test results, schedule appointments, and message doctors.

Microsoft HealthVault (Discontinued in 2019)

A former PHR platform that allowed users to store medical history, prescriptions, and immunizations.

Bioinformatics

Molecular and genetic data.

Bioimaging Informatics

Biomedical image analysis.

Clinical Informatics

Improving patient care and healthcare delivery.

Public Health Informatics

Population health and public health policy.

Bioinformatics

The interdisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science, and statistics to analyze and interpret vast amounts of biological data.

Gene Sequences

Studying DNA and RNA sequences to understand genetic makeup.

Biological Activity/Function

Examining how genes and proteins interact in the body.

Pharmacological Activity

Understanding how drugs interact with biological molecules.

Biological & Molecular Structures

Analyzing the 3D structure of proteins and DNA.

Protein-Protein Interactions

Studying how proteins interact within a cell.

Gene Expression

Examining how genes are turned on and off in different conditions. 

Genetic Marker Identification for Diseases

BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes linked to breast cancer.

Nurses can educate patients about genetic testing and preventive measures.

Personalized Medicine

Tailoring treatments based on an individual’s genetic profile.

Drug Discovery and Development

Bioinformatics aids in identifying drug targets and testing new treatments.

Infectious Disease Surveillance

Tracking genetic mutations in viruses.

Helps in vaccine development and response planning.

Microbiome Analysis

Understanding the role of gut bacteria in overall health.

Nurses can educate patients on probiotic use and nutrition.

GenBank

A comprehensive, publicly available DNA sequence database.