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Pathos
Sparks a distinct emotional response from the audience.
Writers and Speakers convey pathos using:
Sensory imagery
figurative language
Emotionally charged language
repetition
rhetorical questions
hyperbole
humor and sarcasm
powerful description
Includes emotion like: Joy, pride, anger, disgust, nostalgia, and gratitude
Ethos
Language that affirms the speaker or writers credibility, values, and authority to speak about a particular topic
Writers and Speakers convey ethos using:
Details about the writer’s background
anecdotes and examples
jargon or concepts
references to reputation, legacy, and character
Logos
language that explains the reasoning behind an idea using steps of logic and concrete evidence
Writers and speakers convey logos by:
Facts
anecdotes
inductive reasoning
deductive reasoning
statistics
counterarguments
comparisons
analogies
Rhetorical question
The question a speaker asks without expecting an answer
Writers and speakers convey this by:
sparking curiosity about a topic
Make the audience consider a new perspective
Create an emotional response
allow the audience to follow steps of logic
Encourage active participation or listening
Make a point obvious or intuitive
Anaphora
Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several consecutive clauses or sentences
Writers and speakers convey this by:
by creating a strong emotional response
issue a call to action
Build up anticipation or excitement
Reinforce a point to ensure the audience does not forget it
Antithesis
A sentence that contrasts two opposing concepts or images using a balanced structure
Writers and speakers convey this by:
Highlight key distinctions between ideas
sounds rhythmic or harmonious
portray a topic as a moral issue
describe a counterargument
Simplify complex issues or controversy
antithesis is a type of juxtapostion and uses two direct opposites, whereas juxtaposition uses any sort of difference and doesn’t have to be entirely opposites
Anecdotes
A short story that illustrates point the speaker is trying to make. Anecdotes can be real or fictional.
Writers and speakers convey this by:
Paint a vivid picture in the audience’s mind
Help the audience identify personal connections to the story
Bolster the speaker’s credibility
Create an emotional response
Endear the speaker to the audience through humor
Analogy
Comparison of a concept to another idea, object, situation, or image meant to explain the concept in a simpler and more understandable way
Writers and speakers convey this by:
Make an idea seem daunting
Alter the mood through humorous or serious comparisons
Create a striking image in the audience’s head
Appeals to the audience’s sense of logic
Dispel myth or misconception
Allusion
Reference to a text, person, place or any event or item the audience likely knows
Writers and speakers convey this by:
Establishing a better understanding of idea/perspective
Allow the audience to relate to the speaker due to shared background knowledge
Spark a particular emotional response associated with the reference
Allow the audience to understand the subtext of the speaker’s language
Imagery
Vivid description of an object, event, place, or idea that appeals to at least one of the five senses
Writers and speakers convey this by:
transporting the audience to a particular place
create a jarring or surprising picture
evoke an emotion such as nostalgia and awe
Spotlight a problem or issue
remind the audience members of a memory
turn an abstract idea into a tangible one
Paradox
A word or phrase that seems to contradict itself but actually reveals a truth
Can be conveyed by:
Establishing humorous or amused tone
uncover a hidden or surprising reality
highlight someone’s hypocrisy
Prompt the audience to think more creatively
Tone
Speaker’s attitude towards the subject of the text. Expressed as an emotion or characteristic.
can be conveyed by:
Making an idea seem more powerful/urgent
create a strong emotional response
change the atmosphere of the room
accuse, praise, denounce or inspire others
persuade the audience to agree with the speaker’s perspective
diction
The speakers style of writing, conveyed through their intentional word choice
Parallelism
Repetition of a grammatical structure across several clauses or sentences
can be conveyed by:
Creating a steady rhythm
Emphasize a set of sequential ideas
build anticipation or excitement
issue a call to action
leave the audience with a memorable takeaway
describe the process step by step