Pediatric Nursing Growth and Development Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcard deck containing 200 precise terms and verbatim definitions covering pediatric nursing growth, development, vital signs, developmental theories, hospitalization, safety, pain management, and dosage calculations based on the lecture material.

Family-Centered Care

A philosophy of care recognizing the family as the constant in a child's life, functioning as a full partner with healthcare providers in decision-making and planning care.

Child Advocacy

The professional nursing role of protecting, defending, and advancing the health rights, safety, and best interests of pediatric patients.

Developmental Care Adaptation

Modifying nursing interventions, communications, and clinical procedures to align with a child's specific developmental and cognitive level.

Pediatric Health Supervision

Systematic healthcare monitoring that includes routine well-child visits, physical examinations, developmental screenings, nutritional guidance, physical activity promotion, and oral health care.

Anticipatory Guidance

Proactive education provided to parents and caregivers regarding expected growth, developmental milestones, safety precautions, and age-appropriate norms.

Goodness of Fit

The degree of harmony between a child's individual behavioral temperament and the expectations, demands, and environment created by parents.

Pediatric Mortality

The incidence of death within specific pediatric age groups resulting from biological conditions, maternal factors, or unintentional injuries.

Infant Mortality Leading Causes

The primary causes of death in infants under $1\,\text{year}$, including congenital malformations, low birth weight, maternal complications, SIDS, and unintentional injuries.

Congenital Malformation

Structural or anatomical abnormalities present at birth that represent a leading cause of infant mortality.

Low Birth Weight

An infant birth weight significantly below normal parameters, serving as a primary contributor to both infant mortality and morbidity.

Maternal Complication

Pregnancy or delivery-related maternal conditions that adversely affect the fetus or newborn, contributing to infant death rates.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

The sudden, unexpected death of an infant under $1\,\text{year}$ of age that remains unexplained after a thorough investigation.

Unintentional Injury

Accidental trauma (such as motor vehicle crashes, drowning, suffocation, and poisoning) that serves as the leading cause of death in children aged $1-19\,\text{years}$.

Pediatric Morbidity

The prevalence of disease, illness, or acute conditions in children, commonly caused by acute bronchitis, hemolytic jaundice, pneumonia, short gestation, and low birth weight.

Acute Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchial airways listed as a prominent cause of acute illness and morbidity in pediatric populations.

Hemolytic Jaundice

Jaundice in newborns resulting from accelerated breakdown of red blood cells, representing a notable cause of infant morbidity.

Short Gestation

Birth occurring before full gestational maturity, acting as a major risk factor for pediatric morbidity and mortality.

Injury Death Causes: Under $1\,\text{Year}$

The primary causes of fatal injury in infants under $1\,\text{year}$ of age are suffocation and homicide.

Injury Death Causes: $1-4\,\text{Years}$

The primary causes of fatal injury in children aged $1-4\,\text{years}$ are drowning and motor vehicle crashes (MVC).

Injury Death Causes: $5-9\,\text{Years}$

The primary causes of fatal injury in children aged $5-9\,\text{years}$ are motor vehicle crashes (MVC) and drowning.

Injury Death Causes: $10-14\,\text{Years}$

The primary causes of fatal injury in children aged $10-14\,\text{years}$ are motor vehicle crashes (MVC) and suicide.

Injury Death Causes: $15-19\,\text{Years}$

The primary causes of fatal injury in adolescents aged $15-19\,\text{years}$ are motor vehicle crashes (MVC), homicide (firearms), and suicide.

Suffocation Risk

Airway obstruction risk that stands as the leading cause of unintentional injury death in infants under $1\,\text{year}$ of age.

Drowning Risk

Submersion injury that serves as the leading cause of accidental injury death in toddlers aged $1-4\,\text{years}$.

Pediatric Medication Error Risks

Special safety risks in children caused by weight-based dosing requirements, off-label drug uses, and the inability of young children to communicate adverse effects.

Purposeful Hourly Rounding

An evidence-based safety practice involving scheduled hourly nursing checks to address pain, positioning, and patient safety needs.

SBAR Report

A standardized clinical communication framework consisting of Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation used during patient handoffs.

Teaching by Return Demonstration

An evidence-based educational strategy where caregivers or patients physically demonstrate a procedure back to the nurse to ensure competency.

Emancipated Minor

A self-supporting child under $18\,\text{years}$ of age, or one who is married, pregnant, fathered a child, or incarcerated, authorized to give legal informed consent for themselves and their child.

Mature Minor

A non-self-supporting adolescent aged $14-18\,\text{years}$ legally permitted to consent to limited medical conditions, including STI testing/treatment, contraception, substance abuse, and mental health care.

Assent

The voluntary agreement of a child or adolescent to participate in research or medical treatment, offered in conjunction with legal parental consent.

Parental Treatment Consent Limitations

Legal principles dictating that parental choices cannot withhold life-saving measures from a child, nor apply when a conflict of interest exists (e.g., abuse/neglect).

Ethics Board Referral

The clinical action taken when major disagreements occur between parents and children/providers regarding a treatment plan, referring the case to an ethics board, judge, or legal authority.

Adolescent Confidentiality Exceptions

Mandatory situations where adolescent privacy must be breached, including reportable communicable diseases (HIV, TB, STIs), parental EHR access, insurance billing statements, or life-threatening risks.

Reportable Diseases

Infectious conditions such as HIV, Tuberculosis (TB), and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that must be legally disclosed to public health authorities despite adolescent privacy rights.

Trust in Family-Centered Care

The fundamental element underpinning the therapeutic relationship between healthcare providers and the child's family.

Treatment Room Protocol

The rule requiring all painful or invasive procedures to be performed in a designated treatment room to preserve the patient's hospital room as a safe environment.

Positions of Comfort

Specific holding positions taught to parents that allow physical containment and comfort during pediatric procedures.

Procedural Distraction

Engaging a child's attention with non-medical stimuli (e.g., toys, bubbles, games) to decrease anxiety and pain perception during medical tasks.

Child Life Specialist

A pediatric healthcare professional dedicated to addressing the psychosocial and developmental needs of hospitalized children.

Therapeutic Play

Structured play activities designed to present children with direct opportunities to deal with hospital-related fears, anxieties, and medical concerns.

Dramatic Play

A form of play where medical situations, procedures, and equipment are reenacted by the child using toys or dolls to process stress.

Pediatric Pain Assessment Measures

Evaluating pain in children using three primary measurement categories: behavioral measures, physiologic measures, and self-report.

Pain Assessment Frequency

Clinical guideline specifying pain must be assessed every shift, and more frequently if the child experiences pain or undergoes painful procedures.

FLACC Pain Scale

A behavioral pain assessment tool for nonverbal patients scoring five categories (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) from $0-2$ for a total score of $0-10$.

FLACC: Face Scoring

Behavioral face scoring: $0$ = No expression or smile; $1$ = Occasional grimace/frown, withdrawn, disinterested; $2$ = Frequent to constant frown, clenched jaw, quivering chin.

FLACC: Legs Scoring

Behavioral leg scoring: $0$ = Normal position or relaxed; $1$ = Uneasy, restless, tense; $2$ = Kicking or legs drawn up.

FLACC: Activity Scoring

Behavioral activity scoring: $0$ = Lying quietly, normal position, moves easily; $1$ = Squirming, shifting back and forth, tense; $2$ = Arched, rigid, or jerking.

FLACC: Cry Scoring

Behavioral cry scoring: $0$ = No cry (awake or asleep); $1$ = Moans or whimpers, occasional complaint; $2$ = Crying steadily, screams or sobs, frequent complaints.

FLACC: Consolability Scoring

Behavioral consolability scoring: $0$ = Content, relaxed; $1$ = Reassured by occasional touching, hugging, or talking to, distractible; $2$ = Difficult to console or comfort.

FACES Pain Scale

A visual self-report pain scale displaying six facial expressions ranging from '0 (No Hurt)' to '10 (Hurts Worst)' for pediatric self-assessment.

Mild to Moderate Pain Pharmacotherapy

First-line non-opioid medications used for pediatric pain management, specifically Acetaminophen and NSAIDs.

Moderate to Severe Pain Pharmacotherapy

Opioid analgesic medications prescribed for severe pediatric pain, including Morphine, Hydrocodone, and Codeine.

Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA)

An intravenous system allowing self-administration or controlled delivery of pain medication with frequent monitoring of relief and side effects.

Oral Medication Administration (Syringe)

Delivering liquid oral medication to an upright child using an oral syringe directed toward the inside of the cheek to prevent aspiration.

Pediatric Pill Swallowing Threshold

Developmental milestone indicating children under $5\,\text{years}$ typically cannot swallow solid pills.

Rectal Suppository Insertion Technique

Inserting a rectal suppository using the $5\text{th}\text{ finger}$ in children under $3\,\text{years}$, and using the index finger in children over $3\,\text{years}$.

Vastus Lateralis IM Site

The preferred intramuscular (IM) injection site for infants and children under $3\,\text{years}$ of age.

Infancy Stage

The developmental period extending from birth to $12\,\text{months}$ of age.

Toddlerhood Stage

The developmental period extending from $1\,\text{to}\,,3\,\text{years}$ of age.

Preschool Stage

The developmental period extending from $3\,\text{to}\,,6\,\text{years}$ of age.

School Age Stage

The developmental period extending from $6\,\text{to}\,,12\,\text{years}$ of age.

Adolescence Stage

The developmental period extending from $12\,\text{to}\,,18\,\text{years}$ of age.

Orderly and Sequential Development

Principle stating growth and skill acquisition proceed in a predictable, organized progression that is unique for each child.

Cephalocaudal Development

Directional growth principle stating development proceeds from head to toe.

Differentiation in Development

The developmental process where simple, global capabilities evolve into complex, highly specific motor and cognitive skills.

Well Child Visit Schedule

Recommended routine health supervision visits occurring at $2\,\text{weeks}$, $2$, $4$, $6$, $9$, $12$, $15$, $18\,\text{months}$, $2\,\text{years}$, and annually thereafter.

Infant Temperature Parameters

Normal infant body temperature range is $97.5-99.6^\text{o}F$ ($36.4-37.5^\text{o}C$).

Infant Emergency Fever Threshold

A fever of $100.5^\text{o}F$ ($38.1^\text{o}C$) or higher in an infant under $2\,\text{months}$ is considered a medical emergency.

Neonatal Sepsis Hypothermia

Septic newborn infants who present abnormally with a low body temperature below $97^\text{o}F$ ($36.1^\text{o}C$).

Infant Normal Heart Rates

Normal resting heart rate ranges: Newborns = $110-160\,\text{bpm}$; Infants = $80-130\,\text{bpm}$.

Infant Normal Respiratory Rates

Normal respiratory rate ranges: Newborns = $30-60\,\text{breaths/min}$; Infants = $20-40\,\text{breaths/min}$.

Infant Normal Blood Pressure

Normal blood pressure ranges: Newborns = Systolic $50-70\,\text{mmHg}$, Diastolic $30-45\,\text{mmHg}$; Infants = Systolic $70-90\,\text{mmHg}$.

Freud's Oral Stage

Psychosexual stage during infancy where pleasure is primarily derived through sucking and eating; pacifiers should be offered if NPO.

Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust

Psychosocial stage during infancy where trust is developed by holding the infant, meeting basic needs, managing pain, and encouraging parental presence.

Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

Cognitive development stage during infancy where learning occurs through movement, sensory input, cause and effect ($4-8\,\text{months}$), and object permanence ($8-12\,\text{months}$).

Object Permanence

The cognitive realization achieved between $8-12\,\text{months}$ that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

Infant Weight Doubling Milestone

Physical milestone where an infant's birth weight doubles by $6\,\text{months}$ of age.

Infant Weight Tripling Milestone

Physical milestone where an infant's birth weight triples by $12\,\text{months}$ ($1\,\text{year}$) of age.

Infant Length Growth Milestone

Physical growth standard where body length increases by approximately $50\%$ by $1\,\text{year}$ of age.

Posterior Fontanel Closure

Anatomical closure of the posterior cranial fontanel occurring between $2-3\,\text{months}$ of age.

Anterior Fontanel Closure

Anatomical closure of the anterior cranial fontanel occurring between $12-18\,\text{months}$ of age.

Infant Tooth Eruption

The initial emergence of primary teeth occurring around $6\,\text{months}$ of age.

Fine Motor: Birth to $1\,\text{Month}$

Fine motor ability characterized by holding hands clenched in fists.

Fine Motor: $2-4\,\text{Months}$

Fine motor abilities including holding a rattle placed in hand, playing with fingers, and bringing hands to midline.

Fine Motor: $4-6\,\text{Months}$

Fine motor abilities including mouthing objects, grasping with the whole hand, and holding feet to pull them to the mouth.

Fine Motor: $6-8\,\text{Months}$

Fine motor abilities including transferring objects between hands and beginning an occasional crude pincer grasp.

Fine Motor: $8-10\,\text{Months}$

Fine motor abilities including picking up small objects and demonstrating an improved pincer grasp.

Fine Motor: $10-12\,\text{Months}$

Fine motor abilities including a fully developed pincer grasp, attempting to turn book pages, scribbling, and unsuccessfully trying to build a 2-block tower.

Gross Motor: Birth to $1\,\text{Month}$

Gross motor skills dominated by inborn reflexes (startle, rooting) and briefly lifting head when prone.

Gross Motor: $2-4\,\text{Months}$

Gross motor skills including kicking both legs, supporting weight on forearms when prone, and sitting with head at midline with slight bobbing.

Gross Motor: $4-6\,\text{Months}$

Gross motor skills including steady head control without head lag when sitting, supporting weight when held standing, and rolling front to back.

Gross Motor: $6-8\,\text{Months}$

Gross motor skills including rolling back to front, disappearance of inborn reflexes, and sitting alone without support by $8\,\text{months}$.

Gross Motor: $8-10\,\text{Months}$

Gross motor skills including crawling or pulling body along the floor, and pulling self to a sitting or standing position by $10\,\text{months}$.

Gross Motor: $10-12\,\text{Months}$

Gross motor skills including sitting down from standing, crawling upstairs, taking first steps while holding one hand, and cruising along furniture.

Play: $3-6\,\text{Months}$

Infant play preferences consisting of soft toys with contrasting colors, rattles, and easily grasped noise-making objects.

Play: $6-9\,\text{Months}$

Infant play preferences consisting of soft toys that can be manipulated or mouthed, teething toys, and early social interaction.

Play: $9-12\,\text{Months}$

Infant play preferences consisting of peek-a-boo, push/pull toys, stackable nesting cups, talking toys, and books.

Infant Social Smile

Developmental milestone where infants demonstrate a social smile during the $2\text{nd}\text{ month}$ of life.

Infant Language at $1\,\text{Year}$

Communication milestone where an infant speaks $3-5\,\text{words}$ with meaning and demonstrates greater receptive than expressive language.