US History II ACC - Test #4 (Chap 25-28)

List the prerequisites of the Second Industrial Revolution

mass production

consumer goods

the moving assembly line

electric motors

Discuss why the automobile industry grew in the 1920's

due to rapid growth

increase in production

marketing strategies (advertising)

annual model changes

Discuss US economic growth in terms of sectors of the economy

electric industry grew almost as fast as the car industry

radio broadcasting and movies were very popular

production of light metals prospered- alunimum and magnesium

chemical engineering- synthetics- cellophane

corporation was very dominant

Describe the major economic events of the 1920's

Economic boom

Middle and upper class thrived

Engineers, bankers, and exectuives directed this economy- earned all the money

Idle money was put into stock market to earn more money

Economic instability due to:

Unequal distribution of wealth

Consumer debt

Great want for cars and appliances

Describe the areas of economic weakness in the 1920's

railroads-poorly managed

coal industry- petroleum and natural gas replaced it

cotton decresed- use of rayon and synethetic fibers

agriculture- farm exports fell

urban workers remained steady

organized labor unable to advance

Describe changes for women and children in the 1920's

Women won the right to vote- 19th amendment

Women still cooked, cleaned, reared the kids.

Young women tried to rebel with self expression- became flapper girls, short hair, shirts above knees, binding breasts.

Women had more leisure time.

Drop in birthrate.

Small families.

Children went to high school and college

Youthful revolt due to lack of working.

Drinking, sex, search for excitement.

List the major authors prominent in the Literary Flowering of the 1920's

TS Eliot

Ernest Hemingway

Ezra Pound

Scott Fitzgerald

Sinclair Lewis

HL Mencken

Explain the events of the Red Scare

There was a growing turn to communism amoung American radicals

Strike in Seattle

Police strike in Boston

Violent strike in the iron and steel industry

Series of bombings

Series of raids

Sent aliens back to Russia

Evaluate the support for and the results of Prohibition

Support of the Prohibition was a rural effect of the Anti-Saloon League and a Methodist and Baptist clergy

Due to the urban progressive concern over the social disease of being drunk.

Led to a decline in drinking.

Drinking became fasionable in the upper classes.

Bootleggers smuggled in liquor.

Eventually, it was repealed in 1933

Describe the membership and ideology of the Second Ku Klux Klan

Native born, white, gentile Americans.

They disliked anyone who didn't follow their own values.

Aliens- Itlalians, Russians, Jews, Catholics.

Blacks who didn't know their place

Women who practiced the new morality

Aliens who refused to conform.

Describe the participants and results of the Scope Trail

Bryan, prosecuter headed by Thomas Stewart

Clarence Darrow- Defense

Darrow won.

Scopes was conflicted guilty.

Although this case settled nothing,

the anti-evolution law was left intact.

Describe the scandals of the Harding administration

Daugherty became involved in a questionable deals

Fall was involved in the Teapot Dome scandal (two oil promoters game four hundred million dollars so that Fall could give them leases on naval oil reserves)

Describe the Republicans' legislative accomplishments of the 1920's

tariff and tax policy Fordney McCumber Tariff Act

Lessened business taxes, taxed the rich

Reduced government spending

Revenue acts reduced the burden of taxation

New bureaus of commerce to make American idustry more efficent

Describe the factions within the Democratic party in the 1920's

One faction in the rural south and west. Stood for prohibition, fundamentalism, and the Klan.

One faction in the north and midwest

Immigrants and their descendents, Catholics, Jews.

Evaluate the candidates and their supporters in the election of 1928

Al Smith- democrat selection. Rejected by rural democrats. Won support of the north and midwest immigrants.

Herbert Hoover. Won the support of old-line democrats. Stood for efficiency and individualism. Republican candidate.

Hoover won.

Describe the causes of the Great Crash

Rate of increase in the consumtion of goods slowed

Production began to falter

Sale of durable goods declined

Individuals began investing with excess cash in the stock market

Investors ignored the declining production figures

Investors could play the market on credit.

Evaluate the causes of the Great Depression

US factories produced more goods than American people could consume.

Unstable economic conditions in Europe

Agricultural decline

Excessive speculation

People didn't have enough money to buy consumer products

Describe the social effects of the Great Depression on the population

Men in women lived in lean-tos (crappy houses) ade of scrap wood and metal

Families went without meat and veggies for months

Suffered through years and years of poverty with no sign of let-up

Unemployed stood in line for hours for relief checks

People left citied for countryside- found no relief

Crops rotted, prices were to low to harvest

Bnks forclosed farms

Name the most prominent victim of the Great Depression

The middle class

Describe Hoover's response to the Great Depression

Rejected proposals for bold government action

Relied on voluntary business cooperation

Relied on charities to help the needy

Cut taxes

Built the Hoover Dam to give men work

Proposed the Reconstruction Finanace Corporation-loaned govt money.

Name Franklin Roosevelt's first New Deal legislation

He issued a decree closing the banks and called Congress back in session.

Drafted new legislation.

Govt supervision and aid to banks.

Americans could safely put their money back into the banks

Instead of nationalizing the banks, he put the govt's resources behind them and preserved ownership.

Name the one of the most successful and enduring of the New Deal programs

The Tennessee Valley Authority- it resulted in the building of a series of dams in seven states to control floods, ease navigation, and produce electricity.

Explain the implementation of the National Recovery Act

It was the FDR's attempt to achieve economic advance through planning and cooperation amoung govt, business, and labor.

They permitted companies to cooperate in writing codes of fair competition that would set realistic limits on production, allocate percentages to individual producers, and set firm guidelines for prices.

Explain the implementation of the Agricultural Adjustment Act

This would allocate acreage amoung indicifual farmers encouraging them to take land out of production by paying them subsidies. They were paid to kill all of their livestock and plant under it. Worked better once land was removed from production and led to smaller harvests.

Describe the parts of Franklin Roosevelt's relief program

Relief program to give money to one sixth of the American people.

Civilian Conservation Corps- enrolled young males to send them to work on the nation's public lands, cutting trails, planting trees, paving roads.

Civil Works Administration- put people to work and out of the unemployment lines. Shut down though.

Works Progress Admionistration- spent five billion for emergency relief. The unemployed were put on a federal payroll.

Federal Theatre Project put on plays and circuses.

Discuss the political opposition to the New Deal

Shown in the upper midwest, progressives, and agrarian radicals.

Floyd Olsen- governor- wanted to raise farm and labor income

Father Charles Coughlin- wanted monetary inflation and the nationalization of the banking systems.

Francis Townsend- physician- assist the elderly.

Huey Long- senator- "Share the Wealth" movement. Take from the rich, help the poor.

Identify the true originator of Social Security

Roosevelt

Describe the ethnic and political changes resulting from the New Deal

Tried to help blacks

In the South, Blacks recieved less money

Lower wages for blacks

Racial prejuidge.

Roosevelt appointed blacks to government positions.

Color-blind policy of Harry Hopklins

New Deal helped 40 percent of the blacks.

Did far less for Mexican Americans.

Pay dropped. Unemployment dropped rapidly.

Employment was denied to aliens.

Native Americans faired slightly better.

Reform was made to stress tribal unity and autonomy.

Education given to the reservations

Employment of indians to the Indian Bereau.

Explain why Franklin Roosevelt's court packing scheme failed

It outraged the conservatives and liberals who realized it could set a dangerous precdent for the future.

The Court fight had badly weakened Roosevelt's relations with Congress.

Senators and representatives felt free to oppose any further New Deal reforms.

Explain why the Democrats suffered in the 1938 elections

Roosevelt cut back on WPA to reduce deficits

Federal contribution to consumer purchasing power fell

Roosevelt refused to heed calls from economists to restore heavy spending.

Roosevelt asked for 3.75 billion relief appropriation

FDR tried to balance budget which made the economy harder. He was the economic foe of the depression.

Discuss how the US alienated itself from Europe in the 1920's

US never joined the League of nations.

Didn't take part in the attempts by England and France to negotiate European security treaties.

Refused to compromise American freedom by embracing collective security.

Refused to stand behind the Versailles settement.

Describe Franklin Roosevelt's new Latin American policy

Good Neighborhood Policy. Cooperation and friendship is more effective then dominating Latin America by warfare. American commerce increased by four times due to this policy in Latin America.

Discuss the results of the Washington Naval Conference of 1921

Enacted by Hughes.

Five Power Treaty: limitation of capital ships. Effected US Britain, Japan, France, Italy.

Nine Power Treaty:all countries uphold the Open Door Policy

Four Power Treaty: Replaced the old Anglo-Japanese alliance with a Pacific security pact signed by US, Britain, Japan, and France.

Attempted to freeze the status quoin the Pacific.

Explain the reasons why isolationism increased in the US during the 1920's and 1930's

The depression made foreign policy seem remote and unimportant to most Americans.

The danger of war, when it finally penetrated the American conscious, strengthened the desire to escape involvement.

Detail the principal events of US foreign policy from 1939 to 1941

Roosevelt proclaimed neutrality.

Wanted to repel the arms embargo to supplu weapons to Europe and France though.

Once Germany was defeating Europe, US invoked a policy of all out aid to the Allies.

Roosevelt asked for the defense budget to increase from 2 billion to 10 billion. He also asked for a draft. Both were approved.

Lend-Lease policy- to lend and lease goods and weapons to countries fighting against aggressors.

Congress repelled the "carry" section of the neutrality laws so the Allies could carry their own weapons.

Explain why Japan went to war with the US

Roosevelt signed an order setting up a licensing and quota system for the export of petroleum and scrap metal and banned the sale of aviation gasoline.

Then Roosevelt banned the sale of steel and iron to Japan.

Japan was scared that the US was going to ban the sale of petroleum.

Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the US due to aggression Japan had toward China.

Explain the planning and attack on Pearl Harbor

They sent thirteen parts of a letter to the US. Then made war preparations when the peace treaty was being reviewed. US sent a reply for the Japanese to remove themselves from China. Japan, in the 14th part said that they reject the American position. That meant war. Then fighter planes sunk battleships and struck Pearl Harbor.

Name the single greatest advantage of the US in WW2

The willingness of the US and its partners to form a genuine coalition to bring about the defeat of the Axis powers. They worked together.

Describe the war plan followed by the Allies in 1942-43.

Favored an invasion across the English Channel. Full-scale invasion of Europe in the spring.

Temporary beachhead in France in the fall to keep Russia in the war.

Engage in combat against Germany.

Invaded Sicily and Italy.

Explain the US distrust of the Soviet Union during WW2

Russia refused to pay prerevolutionary debts, Soviet support of communist actions, purge trial, temporary Nazi-Soviet alliance, cultural and ideological differences.

Describe the US strategy in the Pacific during WW2

Had campaigns on the islands instead of at China, Japan, Indies.

Success depended on controlling the sea

Blocked a thrust of Japan to take over Australia.

First Pacific attack on Solomon Islands.

Examine the major domestic developments during WW2

Increased production in industry and agriculture.

Expanision of war related industries encourages people to move.

Women started to work

Economy revival.

Describe how Franklin Roosevelt won the election of 1944

The return to prosperity brought on by the war caused him to with reelection.

Evaluate the results of the Yalta conference

Favored the Russians.

Stalin wanted communism takeout in Poland and the Balkans.

US wanted free elections in liberated Europe.

US gave concessions in Asia to Russia.

Diplomatic victory for the Russians.

Explain why the US dropped the atomic bomb on Japan

To impress the Soviet Union with the face that the US had possession of the ultimate weapon. This was so they could end WW2 as soon as possible.

Discuss the results of the Potsdam Conference

Each side would take reparations primarily from its own occupation zone, which foreshadowed the future division of Germany. It makes the end of the wartime alliance. This would clash over the spread of communism in Asia.

Describe events in Europe after its division between the free world and Communist camps

The disagreement was over who would control postwar Europe. Soviet claimed Poland and the balkins. America liberated west Europe. Russians wanted communist govts loyal to Moscow. US wanted to have people vote. Stalin brought down an Iron Curtain.

Explain how the Soviets rebuilt their economy after WW2

Through reparations. They were deprived of American assistance.

They systematically removed plants and factories for areas they controlled.

Name the supporters of the Containment Policy

Marshall, Acheson, and Kennan.

Describe the Truman Doctrine of 1947

He stated that more than just Greece and Turkey were involved in this economic crisis. The US should support free people that are resisting communism.

This document marked an informal declaration of cold war against the Soviets.

Discuss the elements of the Marshall plan of 1947

Marshall offered extensive economic aid to all the nations of Europe if they could remain free countries.

Soviets saw that the Marshall plan was attempt to weaken Soviet control over western Europe.

US argued that the Marshall plan would stimulate trade with Europe.

Explain the components of Truman's Containment Policy

Established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Broader defense pact.

Committed itself to the defense of Europe.

Designed to reassure Europeans that the US would honor this treaty.

Evaluate the results of Russia's land blockade of West Berlin

It gave the US a political victory showing the triumph of American ingenuity over Russian stubbornness.

It marked the end of the initial phase of the Cold War.

Describe the key elements of US defense policy from 1945 to 1960

1945- decided that the US needed new institutions to coordinate military and diplomatic strategy so that the US could cope with threats to security.

National Security Act was passed. Establishes a Department of Defense. Resides over the three separate services. Created the CIA and a National Security counsel which advises the president on all matters regarding national security.

NSC-68- regarding defense polict, Based on the premise that the SU wanted to reign over the world. Massive expansion of military power. Increased defense spending.

Explain why China fell to the Communists in 1949

Corruption spread throughout the Nationalists and had high inflation

Communist China strengthened his hold on his people due to patriotic appeals and strict discipline.

The Nationalists became subject to communist lines.

Communist China drove out the Nationalists.

Describe the results of China's fall to the Communists

China was put in the Russian orbit.

The State refused to recognize the legitamicy of the new regime.

US focused on Japan as its main ally.

American bases put on Japanese Islands and Okinawa.

Cold War seperated Asia in two.

Detail Truman's political weaknesses

He had a fondness toward old friends which resulted in the appointment of many Missouri and Senate cronies to high office.

He also had a lack of political vision. He failed to pursue a coherent legislative program of his own. He engaged in a running battle with Congress.

Name the candidates for president in 1948

Truman- Democratic

Dewey- Republican

Thurmond- States' Rights

Describe the events that encourage the rise of McCarthyism

McCarthy declared that he had a list of government officials who are members of the communist community.

He used the technique of the multiple untruth. He had charges of treasonable activities in government. He kept the Truman administration in turmoil.

Describe the events that contributed to the downfall of McCarthyism

McCarthy accused an army dentist of being a communist. He showed the public his bullying, crude behavior. He tried to slur the reputation of a lawyer. This ruined McCarthy's rep. He was rebuked and cesured by the Senate.