COMPLETE HOSA BOWL CIRCULATORY SYSTEM — MASTER SET

What are the three major components of the circulatory system?

Heart, blood vessels, and blood.

What are the major functions of the circulatory system?

Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, wastes, immune cells, and heat; maintain homeostasis and help prevent blood loss.

What is the cardiovascular system?

The heart and blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body.

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.

What does the right atrium do?

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

What does the right ventricle do?

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

What does the left atrium do?

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

What does the left ventricle do?

Pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation.

Which heart chamber has the thickest wall?

The left ventricle.

Why is the left ventricular wall the thickest?

It must generate enough pressure to pump blood throughout the entire body.

What separates the right and left sides of the heart?

The septum.

What is the interatrial septum?

The wall separating the right and left atria.

What is the interventricular septum?

The wall separating the right and left ventricles.

What is the tricuspid valve?

The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.

What is the mitral valve?

The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; also called the bicuspid valve.

What is the pulmonary valve?

The semilunar valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.

What is the aortic valve?

The semilunar valve between the left ventricle and aorta.

What is the main function of heart valves?

Prevent backflow of blood.

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

Tricuspid and mitral valves.

What are the two semilunar valves?

Pulmonary and aortic valves.

What mnemonic helps remember the four valves in blood-flow order?

Try Pulling My Arm: Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral, Aortic.

What is the superior vena cava?

A large vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and upper chest to the right atrium.

What is the inferior vena cava?

A large vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs to the right atrium.

What is the pulmonary trunk?

The vessel leaving the right ventricle that divides into the pulmonary arteries.

What do the pulmonary arteries carry?

Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

What do the pulmonary veins carry?

Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

What is the aorta?

The largest artery; it carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation.

What is the complete pathway of blood through the heart?

Body -> venae cavae -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> body.

What is pulmonary circulation?

Circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

What is the pathway of pulmonary circulation?

Right ventricle -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium.

What is systemic circulation?

Circulation of blood from the heart to the body tissues and back to the heart.

What is the pathway of systemic circulation?

Left ventricle -> aorta -> body tissues -> veins -> venae cavae -> right atrium.

What is the main purpose of pulmonary circulation?

To exchange gases: remove carbon dioxide and obtain oxygen.

What is the main purpose of systemic circulation?

To deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove wastes.

What is coronary circulation?

The circulation that supplies blood to the heart muscle itself.

What do the coronary arteries supply?

Oxygenated blood to the myocardium.

What is the coronary sinus?

A large vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and empties it into the right atrium.

What can happen if a coronary artery becomes blocked?

Myocardial ischemia or infarction can occur.

What is the endocardium?

The inner lining of the heart chambers.

What is the myocardium?

The thick muscular layer of the heart responsible for contraction.

What is the epicardium?

The outer layer of the heart wall and the visceral layer of the serous pericardium.

What is the pericardium?

The protective sac surrounding the heart.

What is the pericardial cavity?

The space containing serous fluid between layers of the pericardium.

What is the function of pericardial fluid?

Reduces friction as the heart beats.

What is an artery?

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

What is a vein?

A blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart.

What are the characteristics of arteries?

Thick, strong, elastic walls; relatively small lumen; high blood pressure; generally no valves.

What are the characteristics of veins?

Thinner walls, larger lumen, lower pressure, and often valves to prevent backflow.

What are arterioles?

Small branches of arteries that regulate blood flow into capillary beds.

Why are arterioles important?

They are major resistance vessels and help regulate blood pressure and tissue blood flow.

What are capillaries?

The smallest blood vessels and the main sites of exchange between blood and tissues.

What substances are exchanged at capillaries?

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, wastes, and fluid.

What are venules?

Small vessels that collect blood from capillaries and merge to form veins.

Why are capillary walls extremely thin?

They are only about one endothelial cell layer thick, allowing efficient exchange.

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart.

Is an artery always oxygenated?

No. Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.

Is a vein always deoxygenated?

No. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.

What determines whether a vessel is called an artery or vein?

The direction of blood flow relative to the heart, not oxygen content.

What are the three major components of blood?

Plasma, red blood cells, and white blood cells/platelets as formed elements.

What is plasma?

The liquid portion of blood containing water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.

Approximately what percentage of blood is plasma?

About 55%.

What are formed elements?

The cellular components of blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

What are erythrocytes?

Red blood cells.

What is the main function of red blood cells?

Transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide.

What protein in red blood cells carries oxygen?

Hemoglobin.

What is hemoglobin?

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen.

What shape are mature red blood cells?

Biconcave discs.

Do mature human red blood cells have nuclei?

No.

Approximately how long does a red blood cell live?

About 120 days.

What hormone stimulates red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin, or EPO.

Where is erythropoietin primarily produced?

The kidneys.

When does the body increase erythropoietin production?

When tissues experience low oxygen levels.

What are leukocytes?

White blood cells.

What is the main function of white blood cells?

Immune defense.

What are the five major types of white blood cells?

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

Which white blood cell is the most abundant?

Neutrophils.

What is the major function of neutrophils?

Defend against pathogens, especially bacteria, and perform phagocytosis.

What are lymphocytes?

White blood cells including B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.

What is the main function of B cells?

They participate in adaptive immunity and can produce antibodies.

What is the main function of T cells?

They regulate immune responses and/or destroy infected or abnormal cells.

What are monocytes?

White blood cells that can enter tissues and become macrophages.

What do macrophages do?

Engulf pathogens, debris, and abnormal cells through phagocytosis.

What are eosinophils associated with?

Defense against parasites and allergic reactions.

What do basophils release?

Histamine and heparin.

What are platelets?

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

What cells produce platelets?

Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

What is hemostasis?

The process of stopping bleeding.

What are the three major stages of hemostasis?

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

What is vascular spasm?

Constriction of a damaged blood vessel to reduce blood loss.

What is a platelet plug?

A temporary plug formed when platelets adhere to a damaged vessel and aggregate.

What is coagulation?

A series of reactions that produces a stable blood clot.

What is fibrin?

Protein threads that form a mesh to stabilize a blood clot.

What is fibrinogen?

A soluble plasma protein that is converted into fibrin during coagulation.

What does thrombin do?

It converts fibrinogen into fibrin.

What is the ABO blood group system?

A blood classification system based on A and B antigens on red blood cells.

What antigens does type A blood have?

A antigens.

What antibodies does type A blood have?

Anti-B antibodies.

What antigens does type B blood have?

B antigens.

What antibodies does type B blood have?

Anti-A antibodies.

What antigens does type AB blood have?

Both A and B antigens.