Biological Molecules

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides

________ are many monosaccharides joined together.

Disaccharides

________ are two monosaccharides joined together.

Polypeptide chains

________ can fold in unique ways which is what results in the different types of protein (shape of a protein tells us its function)

monosaccharide

A(n) ________ is a simple sugar (glucose, fructose)

Carbohydrates

________ contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Glucose molecules

________ have a lot of energy which can be broken down during respiration by breaking the bonds between carbon atoms.

Lipids

________ are divided into fats (solids at RTP) and oils (liquids at RTP)

different amino acids

There are 20 ________, which join together to form proteins.

Nucleic Acid

________ is long and short chains of nucleic acid bases, forming DNA, RNA, ATP and GTP.

Short Molecules

________ are various molecules, such as hormones, vitamins, neurotransmitters and porphyrins.

Polysaccharides

________ are insoluble, so they are used as storage molecules.

Different proteins have different sequences which means that they have different shapes

small changes in amino acid order can completely alter the protein structure

What are the functions of water in living organisms

water carries nutrients

Chemical reactions: water is a solvent and needed for the body to operate

temperature regulation

What types of carbohydrates are there?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

types of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose

What atoms make up carbohydrates?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Uses of carbohydrates

Dietary energy, energy storage, plant structure (cellulose)

What is Benedicts test

test to indicate reducing sugars. reduces all monosaccharides and some disaccharides.

how to carry out Benedict's test

-Heat while Adding Benedicts solution

-red colour means reducing sugars

Uses of fats

Provide the building blocks to form cell membranes

Energy

Whats are fats also known as

lipids

Structure of fats

Glycerol and three fatty acids.

Which has more energy fats or carbohydrates?

Fats, but carbohydrates are used first

How do you test for starch?

iodine turns blue/black in the presence of starch

What are proteins made of?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and a little sulfur

What are proteins used for?

Growth and repair of cells

what is the structure of proteins?

long chains of amino acids

How many types of amino acids are there?

20

examples of proteins

Hemoglobin - in blood - soluble in water

keratin - found in hair and nails

how do you test for fats

Add ethanol and shake; forms an emulsion which is cloudy;

How do you test for proteins?

Add Biuret A and Biuret B (sodium hydroxide and copper sulphate) in equal amounts; If the solution turns purple, it is a positive test and protein is present; Otherwise, remains pale blue

How enzymes work as biological catalysts

Enzymes are catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Why are enzymes referred as "Biological?"

Because they are made in cells

how do enzymes function?

Enzymes use a lock and key method so they can only lock with a specific "Substrate". Bind together in the active site.

Do enzymes get used up during a reaction?

no

What is the optimum pH for enzymes?

pH of 7

What is the optimum pH for enzymes in the stomach?

pH of 2

What is the optimum temperature of enzymes?

The human bodys temperature is around 37°C

How does temperature affects enzyme activity?

Enzyme activity increases as temperature increases, and in turn increases the rate of the reaction. This also means activity decreases at colder temperatures. All enzymes have a range of temperatures when they are active, but there are certain temperatures where they work optimally.

why temperature affects enzyme activity

As temperature is increased the enzymes and substrate gain kinetic energy (move more quickly). This increases the frequency of collisions and the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

Extreme pH values can cause enzymes to denature. This is called denaturation and it is irreversible

Why pH affects enzyme activity

Changing the pH of its surroundings will also change the shape of the active site of an enzyme