Biology Unit 5: Heredity

Epigenetics

Trauma response cauing DNA coiling which causes some traits to not be expressed

Gluconeogenesis

New glucose is made out of other materials

Null Hypothesis

Predicts that if a change is made, the results will not be affected

Heredity

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Variation

Differences in traits

Mutation

Changes in DNA sequence

Genetics

Study of heredity and variation

Gene

Sequence of DNA which codes for a certain product

Locus

Location of a gene on a chromosome

Gametes

Haploid sex cells

Somatic cells/Autosomes

Diploid body cells

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction which produces genetically identical offspring

Budding

Cells divide making a growth on the plant which detaches and becomes its own plant

Cloning

Using a cloning vector to replicate DNA

Fragmentation

Part of the parent organism breaks off and develops into a genetically identical organism

Parthenogenesis

Production of an offspring without sexual reproduction or fertilization (children are 1n)

Oogenesis

Creates an egg and a 1n polar body

Homologous chromosomes

Same banding pattern, length, location of centromere, and genes

Gametophyte

Produces 1n gametes

Sporophyte

Produces 1n spores

Auto fertilization

Self pollination which involves the fusing of two gametes

Meiosis I

Separates homologous chromosomes

Meiosis II

Separates sister chromatids

Synapsis

Pairing of two chromosomes for crossing over

Character (Darwinian vocab)

Heritable feature (gene)

Trait (Darwinian vocab)

Version of character (phenotype/allele)

True Breeding

Offspring will have the same phenotype as the parents

P generation

Original true breeding pair which was mated

F1 (first filial)

Hybrid from true breeding cross

F2 (second filial)

Crossing of F1 individuals

Law of segregation

One homolog will go into a gamete which will then have one type of allele

Law of independent assortment

Inheritance of one set of genes is independent of another set (when on different chromosomes)

Homozygote

Individual which is homozygous

Genotype

Alleles which the individual has

Phenotype

Appearance of the individual

Test cross

Crossing an individual of dominant phenotype with an individual of recessive phenotype to determine whether the dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous based on offspring

Monohybrids

F1 hybrids which are homozygous for one trait and heterozygous for another

Dihybrids

F1 hybrids which are heterozygous for two traits

Incomplete Dominance

Individual is an intermediary to the two parental phenotypes

Codominance

Each allele code for a factor which contributes to the phenotype

Multiple alleles example

ABO blood types

Pleiotropy

One gene affects more than one trait

Epistasis

Expression of one gene alters the expression of another

Polygenetic

Many genes control the phenotype

X-linked traits

Traits which are connected to the x chromosome of a parent