Stoichiometry and Reaction Principles

Flashcards covering key definitions and concepts related to stoichiometry, including mass to mass conversions, reaction stoichiometry, combustion, catalytic converters, limiting and excess reagents, percent yield, and solution stoichiometry.

Stoichiometry Mass to Mass Conversions

The process of converting either grams or moles of a reactant into either grams or moles of a product in a chemical reaction.

Reaction Stoichiometry

The quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reaction, involving calculations using molar masses and coefficients from balanced equations.

Dehydration of Sucrose

A chemical reaction where sucrose (C12H22O11) loses water to form pure carbon and water vapor, represented by the balanced equation C12H22O11(s) → 12 C(s) + 11 H2O(g).

Complete Combustion

An ideal combustion reaction, such as that of octane in pure oxygen, that produces only carbon dioxide and water as products.

Incomplete Combustion

A combustion reaction, typically occurring in the presence of insufficient oxygen (e.g., octane in air), which produces pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (CxHyOz), in addition to carbon dioxide and water.

Catalytic Converter

A device in automobiles that uses catalysts to speed up reactions, converting harmful pollutants (CO, HC, NOx) from incomplete combustion into less harmful substances (CO2, H2O, N2).

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or interfering with the overall reaction, often requiring a high surface area.

Limiting Reagent

The reactant in a chemical reaction that is completely consumed first, thereby determining the maximum amount of product that can be formed.

Excess Reagent

Any reactant that remains in a chemical reaction once the limiting reagent has been completely consumed.

Theoretical Yield

The maximum amount of product that can be calculated to form from a given amount of reactants in a chemical reaction based on stoichiometry.

Actual Yield

The experimentally obtained amount of product from a chemical reaction.

Percent Yield

A measure of the efficiency of a chemical reaction, calculated as (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100.

Solution Stoichiometry

The quantitative study of reactants and products in reactions involving solutions, allowing the determination of volume, concentration, or grams of substances involved.

Acid/Base Titration

A specific application of solution stoichiometry where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the unknown concentration of an acid or base through a neutralization reaction.