Branching diagram explaining the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
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Phylocode
Classification based solely on evolutionary history, which only name groups that include a common ancestor and its descendants.
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Branch Points
Shows where the divergence of two evolutionary organisms are from a common ancestor.
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Sister Taxa
Organisms that share an imidiate common ancestor.
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Rooted
The common ancestor to the farthest left that was the common ancestor to all the taxa after it.
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Polytomy
The branch point where more than two descendent groups emerge, though indicates data on decedent taxa not yet clear.
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What can we learn from the phylogenetic trees and what can't we learn?
Only what common ancestor lived first, though not the time of evolvement. Can not answer what evolved from what, only that they share a common ancestor.
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Homologies
Similarities due to shared ancestry. Morphological divergence between related species can be great and their genetic divergence small. (Or vice versa).
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Analogy
Similarity due to convergent evolution rather than shared ancestry. (Not related, but have similar features.) Ex. A bird's wing and a Bats wing.
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Convergent Evolution
Occurs when similar environmental pressures and Natural selection produce similar (Analogous) adaptation in organisms from different evolutionary divergences.
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Homoplasy (Homoplasies)
The analogous structure that arose independently. "The bird's wing and bats wing are analogous. This is an example of Homoplasy."
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Molecular Systematics
The Discipline that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary history.
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Evolutionary Molecular Homologies
If the DNA sequence and length are similar in two species then they are most likely closely related.
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Cladistics
The common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms. Scientists group species in Clades: each of which includes an ancestral species and all of its transcendence.
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Monophyletic
All descendants and ancestral species, this is the only way a clade can be equivalent with a taxon.
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Paraphyletic
Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants.
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Polyphyletic
includes taxa with different ancestors.
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Decent with Modification
Organisms both share characteristics from ancestors but also differ from them.
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Shared Ancesteral Character
A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon. Ex. All mammals have backbones, but the presence of a backbone doesn't make it a mammal as all vertebrates have backbones.
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Character/Characteristics
Another word for Trait or Traits.
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Shared Derived Character
An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade. Ex. Mammals have the character of hair which isn't seen in earlier ancestors.
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Ingroup
The species or group of species that is known to have emerged after the outgroup.
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Outgroup
The species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species that is being studied.
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Maximum Parsimony
"Occars Razor" The method of investigating the simplest explanation that is consistent to the facts.
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Maximum Likelihood
States that given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.
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