ch. 10: stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination

stereotype

a belief that associates a whole group of people with a certain trait

prejudice

hostile or negative feelings about people based on their membership in a certain group

discrimination

behaviour directed against people solely because of their membership in a particular group

social categorization

the practice of classifying people into in-groups or out-groups based on attributes that the person has in common with in-group or out-group

out-group homogenity effect

people tendency to underestimate the variability of the out-group members compared to the variability of in-group members

cross-ethnic identification bias

tendency to see out-group members as looking very similar to one another, showing greater accuracy for recognizing in-group members than out-group members

in-group favouritism

tendency to evaluate one’s in-group more positively than out-group

social dominance orientation (SDO)

a personality variable that shows preference for maintaining hierarchy both within and between groups

illusonary correlation

tendencu to overestimate association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

ultimate attribution error

an error in which people make dispositional attributions for negative behaviour and situational attributions for positive behaviour by out-group members, yet show the reverse for successes and failures for their in-group members

shifting standards model

a model that posits that people within a group are more often compared to others within that grop rather than people in other groups

perceptual bias

tendency to see things in line with one’s expectations

confirmation bias

tendency to search for info that supports one’s intitial view

stereotype threat

the fear that one’s behaviour may confirm an existing cultural stereotype, which then disrupts one’s performance

rejection-identification model

a modelthat proposes that people in disadvantaged groups experience negative impact on their well-bing when they perceive prejudice and discrimination against themselves

reverse discrimination

preferential treatment of people in stereotyped groups

hostile sexism

feelings of hostility toward women based on their threat to men’s power

benevolent sexism

having positive, but patronzing, views of women

aversive prejudice

consciour endorsement of unprejudiced beliefs about a group while at the same time holding unconscious negative attitude towards the group

subcategorization

the maintenance of prior beliefs by creating seperate categories for people how disconfirm these stereotypes

auto-stereotypes

stereotype that one holds about one’s own group

hetero-stereotype

stereotype about other groups

meta-stereotype

a person’s belief about the stereotypes that the out-group members hold about the person’s own group