Chapter 17 - The Jazz Age

Fundamentalists

Rejected Darwin's Theory and believed in creationism

Disposable Income

made innovations more affordable and it made life easier.

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased. Crime became big business, and gangsters corrupted many local politicians and governments. The 21st Amendment ended Prohibition.

Jazz

Music influenced by Dixieland and ragtime.

Warren G. Harduzz

He won the 1920 election, and the campaign slogan was "return to normalcy", he appointed his old poker friends to his cabinet (Ohio Gang), and they created scandals.

Trade & Arms Control

The US was a dominant economic power, favored isolationism but was too powerful and connected to stay isolated. Developed the Dawes Plan in order to help the Germans.

Supply-Side Economics

This idea suggested that lower taxes would allow businesses and consumers to spend and invest their extra money, resulting in economic growth.

Mass Production

Large-scale product manufacturing usually done by machinery, helped increase the supply of goods and decreased costs.

Assembly Line

Used by Henry Ford, greatly increased manufacturing efficiency by dividing up operations into simple tasks that an unskilled worker could perform.

Model T

sold for $850 the first year(1908) it was produced, after several years it dropped to $490. By 1924 the Model T was selling for $295.

Commuter

a person who travels to and from work

Open Shop

a workplace where employees were not required to join a union.

Welfare Capitalism

where employees were able to purchase stock, participate in profit sharing, and receive benefits, making unions seem unnecessary.

Anarchists

people who oppose all forms of organized government

Ku Klux Klan

led the movement to resist immigration. This new Klan not only targeted the freed African Americans but also Catholics, Jews, and Immigrants. Other groups with "un-American" values.
By 1924, the KKK had over 4 million members. Scandals and poor leadership caused the decline of the Klan in the late 1920s.

Flappers

a young, dramatic, stylish, and unconventional woman. She smoked cigarettes, drank liquor, and wore revealing clothes.

Creationism

The belief that God created the world as described in the Bible

Bluzz

soulful style of music that evolved from African American life

Cotton Club

one of the most famous Harlem nightspots, where many famous African American musicians got their start

Albert B. Fall

Secretary of the Interior under Harding, secretly allowed private interests to lease land containing U.S. Navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and received over $300,000,was the first cabinet officer to be sent to prison.

Dawes plan

American banks would make loans to Germany so they
could meet their reparation payments, France and Britain agreed to accept less in reparations and pay more on their war debts.

National Broadcasting Company (NBC)

established a permanent network of radio stations. In 1928 the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) set up coast-to-coast stations to compete with NBC.

Consumer Society

Higher wages and shorter workdays led to an economic boom
as Americans traded thrift for their new role as consumers. American attitudes toward debt shifted because they became
confident that they could pay back what they owed at a later
time. Advertising was used to convince Americans that they needed new products.

The Farm Crisis

Prices dropped dramatically during the 1920's, farming equipment was becoming more expensive, During the war, the government had encouraged farmers to produce more for food supplies needed in Europe. Farmers borrowed money at inflated prices to buy new land and machinery to raise more crops. After the war, the Europeans had little money to but American farm products. American farmers remained in recession throughout the 20's.

Sacco-Venzetti Case

Ethnic prejudice was the base of this case, (Italian
immigrants), Sacco and Vanzetti were accused of murder and theft, They were thought to be anarchists. Sacco and Vanzetti were sentenced to death. In 1927 they were executed still proclaiming their innocence.

National Origins Act

Made immigrant restrictions a permanent policy. It lowered the quotas to 2% of each national group living in the US in 1890. This further restricted immigrants from southern and eastern
Europe.

Newlands Reclamation Act

Allowed Mexican immigrants to enter the country. Worked on farms in the American Southwest. By the end of the 1920's nearly 700,000 Mexicans had migrated to the US.

Butler Act

Made it illegal to teach anything that denied creationism.

Scopes Trial

Creationists v. Evolutionists. John Scopes biology teacher, volunteered to test the Butler Act by teaching his class evolution. Scopes was arrested and found guilty. The case was later overturned. Following the trial, fundamentalists withdrew from political activism.

Volstead Act

Gave the Treasury Department responsibility to enforce the 18th Amendment.

Popular Culture

The economic prosperity of the 1920's provided Americans with more leisure time and spending money, which led to the popular rise of sports, radio shows, and motion pictures. Babe Ruth(baseball), Jack Dempsey(World Heavyweight Champion Boxer), Bobby Jones(first golfer to win the U.S. Open and the British Open in the same year in 1926).

Harlem Renaissance

created an environment that stimulated artistic development, racial pride, a sense of community, and political organization which occurred in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem. Claude McKay and Louis Armstrong.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Fought to end lynching, but only helped reduce not get rid of them.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Marcus Garvey, to promote black pride and unity through Nationalism. He believed that African Americans could gain economic and political power by educating themselves

Washington Conference

Invited countries to discuss the ongoing post-war naval arms race. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes proposed a 10-year moratorium on the construction of major new warships. Japan was angry that the conference required Japan to keep a smaller navy than the U.S. and Great Britain.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A treaty that outlawed war. By signing the treaty, countries agreed to stop war and settle disputes in a peaceful way. On August 27, 1928, the U.S. and 14 other nations signed it, and
eventually 62 nations ratified it. The treaty had no binding force, but it was hailed as a victory.

Harry Dougherty

Attorney General, Dougherty refused to turn over files and
bank records for a German- owned American company, Dougherty refused to testify under oath, claiming immunity on the grounds that he had confidential dealings with the President, President Calvin Coolidge demanded Dougherty's resignation.

Calvin Coolidge

Becomes president after Harding's death, and quickly distanced himself from Harding's administration, His focus was on prosperity through business leadership with little government intervention, and he easily won the 1924 Republican nomination.

Andrew Melon

Secretary of the Treasury, reduced government spending and cut the federal budget, Supply-Side Economics.

Herbert Hoover

Secretary of Commerce, attempted to balance government regulation with cooperative individualism, Manufacturers and distributors were asked to form their own trade associations and share information with the federal government's Bureau of Standards, Hoover thought this would reduce waste and costs and lead to economic stability.

Charles Lindbergh

made a transatlantic solo flight, which gained support in the United States for the commercial flight. By 1928, 48 airlines were serving 355 American cities.

Changes for Women

Women's fashion changes, Flappers, and professionally, women made advances in the fields of science, medicine, law, and literature.

Eugene O. Neill

filled his plays with realistic characters and situations

Ernest Hemingway

wrote about "heroic antiheroes" who are realistic people that have flaws

F. Scott Fitzgerald

wrote the Great Gatsby, a novel, that exposed the emptiness and superficiality of much of modern society.

Claude McKay

considered the first important writer of the Harlem Renaissance who expressed a proud defiance and bitter contempt of racism

Louis Armstrong

in 1922, introduced an early form of Jazz music influenced by Dixieland and ragtime. He started performing solos.

Marcus Garvey

Set up the UNIA, and wanted Africans to move to Liberia, but this distanced him from the African American middle class and intellectuals. Garvey was then convicted of mail fraud, went to prison, and was deported to Jamaica. Despite this failure, he inspired African Americans and this pride helped them during the civil rights movement of the 1960's.